■ I 



c 

THE VALUE OF COTTON-SEE 
PRODUCTS IN THE FEEDING 
OF FARM ANIMALS 

AS A HUMAN FOOD AND AS A FERTILIZER 

SF 

99 

• N3 



fe: 

and Carl 
are redu 
pound c 
one-half 
equal to 

To 

2.5 and 
hydrate 




Class _ 
Book_ 



Ms: 



trients Protein, Fat 
jading investigators) 
) a direct ratio. One 
e value as two and 
3 pound of FAT is 
arbohydrates. 

e Protein content by 
these to the Carbo- 



Nutritive Ratio 

To find the Nutritive Ratio, divide total digestible Protein 
into the sum of the total digestible Carbohydrates, plus the total 
digestible Fat, multiplied by 2.25. 



Cost Per Feed Unit 

Illustrations below are based on Bulletin No. 1 1 of United 
States Department of Agriculture. 

COMPARATIVE PERCENTAGE OF FEED UNITS IN 

COTTON-SEED MEAL 57.76 Per Cent 

One-half the weight is nourishment. 

WHEAT BRAN 19.40 Per Cent 

One-fifth only is nourishing. 

CORN MEAL 13.34 Per Cent 

One-eighth only is nourishment. 

COMPARATIVE COST PER FEED UNIT 

CORN MEAL at $1.00 per 100 pounds, 
6 1-4 cents per feed unit. 

WHEAT BRAN at $1.25 per 100 pounds, 
6 1-4 cents per feed unit. 

COTTON-SEED MEAL, at $1.50 per hundred pounds, 
3 cents per feed unit. 

Cotton-Seed Meal is the Most Concentrated and Cheapest 
Feed to be Had. 



:^£> _. ,*•* -el. - J\.i-.trz&4-<~<^£'b> 






THE VALUE OF COTTON-SEED 

PRODUCTS IN THE FEEDING 

OF FARM ANIMALS 

AS A HUMAN FOOD AND AS A FERTILIZER 




\ 

WITH 

SOME GENERAL NOTES ON THE 

COTTON-SEED MANUFACTURING 

INDUSTRY 



PUBLISHED BY THE 

BUREAU OF PUBLICITY OF THE 
INTERSTATE COTTON-SEED CRUSHERS ASSOCIATION 

JO W. ALLISON, Chairman 
DALLAS, TEXAS 

*9 l 3 



Copyright 1913, 
By Jo W. Allison, Dallas Texas. 



By transfer 

NOV 30 I»t4 



HAL MARCHBANKS, PRINTER 
NEW YORK 







The 

Cotton 

Plant 




THE COTTON PLANT has made possible ragless and strawless paper, 
cocoonless silk, creamless ice cream, cowless butter and hogless lard. 
The South already clothes the world; she is also able to feed it. We 
do not propose it; we do not want it, but if necessary, we are entirely able, 
with plenty for ourselves and much to spare, to make a cornless, a wheat- 
less and a hogless South, and I want to go on record with this prediction, 
that middle-aged men and women now living, will see the time when 
COTTON Seed FLOUR will take higher place on the tables of all the world 
than the less nutritive and less palatable Corn and Wheaten products. 

Jo W . Allison. 

WHAT a royal plant it is! The world waits in attendance on its 
growth. The showers that fall whispering on its leaves are heard 
around the earth. The sun that shines upon it is tempered by the 
prayers of all the people. The frosts that chill it and the dews that descend 
from the stars are noted, and the trespass of a little worm upon its green leaf 
means more to England and to English homes than the advance of a Rus- 
sian army upon her Asian frontier. It is gold from the time it puts forth 
its tiniest shoot. Its foliage decks the sombre earth in emerald sheen. Its 
blossoms reflect the brilliant hues of sunset skies in Southern climes and 
put to shame the loveliest rose ; and when loosing its snowy fleeces to the sun, 
it floats a banner that glorifies the field of the humble farmer, that man is 
marshalled under a flag that will compel the allegiance of the world and 
wring a tribute from every nation on the earth. Its Fibre is current in every 
bank in the world. Its Oil adds luxury to lordly banquets in noble halls and 
brings comfort to lowly homes in every clime. Its Flour gives to man a food 
richer in health-producing value than any the earth has ever known, and a 
curative agent long sought and found in nothing else. Its Meal is food for 
every beast that bows to do man's labor, from Norway's frozen peaks to 
Af ric's parched plains. 

It is a heritage that God gave to this people when He arched the skies, 
'stablished our mountains, girded us about with oceans, loosed the breeze, 
tempered the sunshine and measured the rain. Ours and our children's for- 
ever and forever, and no princelier talent ever came from His Omnipotent 
hand to mortal stewardship. 




The Cotton Trade. 



Where sleeps the poet who shall fitly sing 

The source wherefrom doth spring 

That mightly commerce, which confined 

To the mean channel of no selfish mart, 

Goes out to every shore 

Of this broad earth and throngs the sea with ships 

That bear no thunder; hushes hungry lips 

In alien lands: 

Joins with delicate web remotest strands; 

And gladdening rich and poor, 

Doth gild Parisian domes, 

Or feed the cottage smoke of English homes, 

And only bounds its blessings by mankind. 

Henry Timrod. 



-ft- •» 


*v 




7 1 " 


«4 



Cotton Fields. 



Yonder bird 

Which floats as if at rest, 

In those blue tracts above the thunder, where 

No vapors cloud the stainless air, 

And never sound is heard, 

Unless at such rare time, 

When from the City of the Blest 

Rings down some golden chime, 

Sees not from his high place 

So vast a cirque of summer space, 

As widens round me in one mighty field, 

Which rimmed by seas and sands, doth hail its 

earliest daylight in the beams 
Of gray Atlantic dawns; 

And broad as realms made up of many lands, 
Is lost afar 

Behind the crimson hills and purple lawns 
Of sunset, among plains which roll their streams 
Against the Evening Star! 
And lo! 

To the remotest point of sight, 
Although I gaze upon no waste of snow, 
The endless field is white, 
And the whole landscape glows, 
For many a shining league away, 
With such accumulated light, 
As Polar lands would flash beneath a tropic day. 

Henry Tim rod. 



? ■■ 



■■ 




Chapter I. 



Cotton 



Cotton is famous in history and in song. It has been called King, and 
Queen, and Princess. 

Its fibre makes clothing, paper, books, buckets, pans, car wheels, boxes, 
blankets, beds. Its blossoms supply the nectar to bees for the manufacture 
of the best quality of honey known to man. It is the countryman's flower 
garden upon which he rests his tired eyes. Its leaves and stalks feed the soil. 
Its seed — a newly discovered fountain of wealth — food for all animal crea- 
tion. Its seed furnishes meal for live stock, bread for man, and oil for salads, 
cakes, pastry, butter, lard, as well as for soap and paints. Cotton not only 
clothes the world, but feeds it and cleans it. 

And yet this miraculous plant, this eighth wonder of the world, is less 
appreciated at home than abroad. Think of the trader in cotton-seed pro- 
ducts spending money advertising their good qualities — increasing the con- 
sumption by increasing the demand and increasing the value of the raw 
material by both — and the producer standing with his hands in his pockets 
skeptically looking on! The agricultural sin of the cotton growing coun- 
tries today is the exportation of cotton-seed meal, cake and oil! There is 
not enough for home consumption. The seed alone from an acre of cotton is 
worth as much as all the corn that could be produced upon that acre. But it 
does not sell for as much because the producer does not know the value of 
each. 



COTTON 
By Katie Daffan 

Have you seen her? Princess Cotton? Look upon her golden glory 

In the South's own, sunny land? In this land, by heaven crowned! 

Spreading o'er her fair dominions, See her bursting bolls, like snowdrift, 
Down into the white beach sand ? Sound her praise the world around ! 



10 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 




A familiar gin scene in cotton countries where the cotton fibre called lint is separated from 
the seed and baled for shipment to cotton factories. 



/ 



,'\ 



3P# 



\ 



. ^jjgaaiaes 



■■ZJsf&VBk 






\*M*'m* 



Another gin scene in cotton countries. The lint is baled and shipped to cotton factories and 

the seed is shipped to oil mills where the hulls, meal, and oil are separated 

for food stuffs and feeding stuffs. 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



11 




The Composition of the Animal Body. 

The animal body is composed of a great variety of substances which 
may be classified into water, ash, fat, protein and the contents of the stomach. 
The percentage of each of these substances, as determined by the U. S. De- 
partment of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletin No. 346, is as follows: 

Percentage Composition of Live Animals. 



Ox 



Water 

Ash 

Fat 

Protein 

Contents of stomach and in- 
testines 



Total 100. o 



% 

54-3 
4.8 

15.8 

18.0 



50.2 

4.4 

14.9 

15-5 

15.0 



43.6 

3-9 
26.8 

13-7 



IOO. O IOO. O IOO. o 



Fat 
Calf 



% 
60.1 

4-5 
131 
15-3 

7.0 



Sheep 



% 
56.6 

3-4 
8.6 

15-4 
16.0 



% 
53-7 

3-3 
13.2 
14.8 

15.0 



% 
50.7 

3-2 
18.3 
13.8 

14.0 



% 
44.8 

2.9 
28.1 
12.2 

12.0 



100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 



% 

390 

2.8 

37.2 

II. o 



Sivine 



% 
53-9 

2.7 
22.5 
13.9 

7.0 



% 
42.0 

1.8 
40.2 
11. o 

5.0 



As the animal fattens the protein, ash, and water of the body do not in- 
crease of course as fast as fat. The percentages of these, the amounts com- 
pared to the increased weight of the animal fattened as fattening progresses 
are smaller, therefore. That is, the water, ash, and protein do not increase in 
quantity as fast as the fat, during the fattening process. 

There is a small amount of glycogen, which is a carbohydrate, stored up 
in the liver, muscles, and a few other organs of the body, but not in a suffi- 
ciently large amount to be estimated in the above table. 

Fat is a reserve material of the body, the location of which is well 
known. It furnishes heat and energy to the animal for keeping up the vital 
processes in time of famine. 

The water, ash and protein, according to the above bulletin, constitute 
the essential working parts of the body. The bones, constituting the frame- 
work of the body; the ligaments, muscles and tendons which bind together 
and move the bones; the skin and hair, or wool, which cover and protect the 



12 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



body; the internal organs of circulation, respiration, digestion, excretion, 
and reproduction ; the brain and nerves — in short, the whole mechanism of 
the body — can be regarded as being composed substantially of these three 
classes of substances. 

The Composition of Feeding Stuffs. 

The food that supplies the animal organism must necessarily contain 
those ingredients which the animal can utilize for the production of the 
elemental constituents of the body before mentioned, because these are con- 
stantly being worn out in maintaining the life of the animal. And it has 
been found by analysis that the animal's food is composed of substances of 
the same general classification as those of which the body is composed. Ac- 
cording to the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletin No. 22, 
these substances are described as follows: 

Ash. 

"Ash is what is left when the combustible part of a feeding stuff is burned j 
away. It consists chiefly of lime, magnesia, potash, soda, iron, chlorine, and 
carbonic, sulphuric, and phosphoric acids, and is used largely in making bones. ' 
From the ash constituents of the food the animal selects these which it needs and 
the rest is voided in the manure. As a general rule rations composed of a 
variety of nutritious foods contain sufficient ash to supply the requirements of the 
body. 

Fat. 

"Fat, or the materials dissolved from a feeding stuff by ether, includes, 
besides real fats, wax, the green coloring matter of plants, etc. For this reason 
the ether extract is usually designated CRUDE fat. The fat of food is either 
stored up in the body as fat, or burned (oxidized in the body) to furnish heat 
and energy. 

Carbohydrates. 

"Carbohydrates are usually divided into two groups, nitrogen-free extract, 
including starch, sugar, gums, and the like, and cellulose or fiber, the essential 
constituent of the walls of vegetable cells. Cotton fiber and wood pulp are 
nearly pure cellulose. Coarse fodders, like hay and straw, contain a large pro- 
portion of fiber, while most grains contain little fiber, but are rich in starch, 
sugar, etc. (nitrogen-free extract). The carbohydrates form the largest part 
of all vegetable foods. They are not permanently stored up as such in the animal 
body, but are either stored up as fat or burned in the system to produce heat and 
energy. They are one of the principal sources of animal fat. 




A train load of tank cars of cotton-seed oi! which is taking the place of hog 
lard for all cooking and edible purposes for which lard is used. 



FEEDING FARMANIMALS 13 

Protein. 

"Protein (or nitrogenous materials) is the name of a group of materials 
containing nitrogen. All other constituents of feeding stuffs, the ash, fat, and 
carbohydrates are non-nitrogenous or free from nitrogen. Protein materials are 
often designated as flesh formers, because they furnish the materials for the lean 
flesh; but they also enter largely into the composition of blood, skin, muscles, 
tendons, nerves, hair, horns, wool, and the casein and albumen of milk, etc. 
For the formation of these materials protein is absolutely indispensable. No 
substances free from nitrogen can be worked over into protein, or fill the place 
of protein. It is, then, absolutely necessary for an animal to be provided with 
certain amount of protein in order to grow or maintain existence. Under certain 
conditions it is believed protein may be a source of fat in the body ; and finally it 
may be burned, like the carbohydrates and fat, yielding heat and energy. 

"The sources of heat and energy in the animal, then, are the protein, fat, and 
carbohydrates of the food and the fat and protein of the body, for the fat and 
protein of the body may be burned like that in the food. The value of the fat 
for producing heat is nearly two and a half times that of carbohydrates or protein. 
The sources of fat in the body are the fat, carbohydrates and, probably, the 
protein of the food ; and the exclusive source of protein in the body is the protein 
in the food." 

It cannot be too strongly emphasized that protein produces heat, energy 
and fat in the animal body just as the fats and carbohydrates do. In addi- 
tion to this function, it does what fat and carbohydrates cannot do, viz., it 
produces muscle, blood, skin, tendons, nerves, hair, horns, wool, and the 
casein and albumen of milk. Protein makes the animal frame, — that which 
counts in so many ways. Henry C. Sherman, Professor in Columbia Uni- 
versity, in his Chemistry on Food and Nutrition, says: 

"Whatever the mechanism of their assimilation the absorbed proteins soon 
become available for the nutrition of the body, and among other functions they, 
like the carbohydrates and fats, may be burned as fuel for muscular work. 
Pfluger proved that protein may serve as a source of muscular energy by feeding 
a dog for seven months exclusively upon meat practically free from fat and 
carbohydrate, and requiring it throughout the experiment to do considerable 
amounts of work, the energy for which must in this particular case have been 
derived largely from protein consumed. 

"New experiments in Voit's laboratory by Cremer appear, however, to 
establish the formation of body fat from protein food beyond reasonable doubt. 

"The evidence of formation of milk fat in part from protein, while perhaps 
not amounting to a mathematical demonstration, is still very strong. 

"For practical purposes the outcome of the controversy as to the direct 
formation of fat from protein is of minor importance, since there is already 
abundant experimental evidence of the production of carbohydrate from protein 
and the transformation of carbohydrate into fat, so that it is evident that protein 
food can indirectlv, if not directlv, contribute to the formation of fat in the 
body." 



14 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



Average Composition of Feeding Stuffs. 



Feed 



Percentage Composition 



Oats ( Grain) 

Corn ( Grain ) 

Corn Meal 

Corn and Cob Meal 

Hominy Chops 

Wheat (Grain) 

Wheat Bran 

Wheat Middlings 

Rye ( Grain ) 

Cotton Seed 

Cotton Seed (Roasted) 

Cotton Seed Meal (Choice) 

Rice (Rough) 

Rice (Clean) 

Rice Bran, 15 per cent hulls.... 

Rice Polish 

Rice Meal (Pure Bran) 

Buckwheat 

Cane Molasses (Blackstrap)... 

Beet Molasses 

Skimmed Milk (Separator).... 

Skimmed Milk (Gravity) 

Buttermilk 

Oat Hay (cut in milk) 

Oat Straw 

Corn Fodder (leaves) 

Corn Fodder (whole plant) .... 
Corn Stover (whole plant, ex- 
cept ears) 

Corn Shucks 

Wheat Straw 

Rye Straw 

Rice Straw 

Cotton Seed Hulls 

Cow Pea Hay 

Alfalfa Hay 

Soja Bean Hay 

Vetch Hay . .'. 

Peanut Vine Hay (without nuts) 

Crimson Clover Hay 

Red Clover Hay 

Lespedeza Hay 

Crab Grass Hay 

Orchard Grass Hay 

Timothy Hay 

Bermuda Hay 

Kentucky Blue Grass Hay 

Millet Hay (Cat Tail) 

Johnson Grass Hay 

Corn Silage 

Sorghum Silage 

Soja Bean Silage 

Cow Pea Silage 

Sorghum (Green) . .' 

Corn (Green) 

Alfalfa (Green) 

Cow Pea (Green) 

Lespedeza (Green) 



5 






89.0 


11.0 


3-o 


11.8 


59-7 


9-5 


89.4 


10.6 


i-5 


10.3 


70.4 


2.2 


85.0 


15.0 


1.4 


9.2 


68.7 


1.9 


84.9 


15. 1 


i-5 


8. 5 


64.8 


6.6 


88.9 


11. 1 


2.5 


9.8 


64.5 


3-8 


89.5 


10.5 


1.8 


11.9 


71.9 


1.8 


88.1 


11.9 


5.8 


15.4 


53-9 


9.0 


87.9 


1 2. 1 


3-3 


15.6 


60.4 


4.6 


88.4 


11.6 


i-9 


10.6 


72.5 


i-7 


89.7 


10.3 


3-5 


18.4 


24.7 


23.2 


93-9 


6.1 


5-5 


16.8 


23.5 


20.4 


91.8 


8.2 


7.2 


42.3 


23.6 


5.6 


89.1 


10.9 


5-5 


7-4 


H-3 


9-3 


87.2 


12.8 


0.7 


7-5 


78.1 


0.5 


90.1 


9.9 


"•3 


9.9 


44-5 


14.5 


88.5 


11. 5 


3-5 


11. 1 


64-3 


3-8 


9M 


8.6 


8.9 


13.3 


49.8 


8.7 


87.4 


12.6 


2.7 


10.0 


64.5 


8.7 


77.6 


22.4 


9-3 


2.4 


65.9 




79.2 


20.8 


10.6 


9.1 


59-5 




9.4 


90.6 


0.7 


3-i 


5-3 




9.6 


90.4 


0.7 


3-3 


4-7 




9-9 


90.1 


0.7 


4.0 


4.0 




85.0 


15.0 


5.2 


9-3 


39.0 


29.2 


90.8 


9.2 


5-i 


4.0 


42.4 


37.0 


91. 1 


8.9 


9-7 


11.8 


41.5 


24.7 


67.8 


32.2 


4-3 


4.8 


37.2 


20.2 


77.2 


22.8 


4.9 


5-5 


39-9 


25.6 


91.9 


8.1 


3-4 


3-3 


51.6 


32.8 


90.4 


9.6 


4.2 


3-4 


43-4 


38.1 


92.9 


7-i 


3.2 


3.0 


46.6 


3«-9 


88.0 


12.0 


7.8 


5-9 


33-7 


38.6 


88.9 


11. 1 


2.8 


4.2 


33-4 


46.3 


88.1 


11. 9 


8.4 


14.4 


41.2 


21.5 


91.6 


8.4 


7-4 


r 4-3 


42.7 


25.0 


88.7 


11. 3 


7.2 


15-4 


3»-6 


22.3 


88.7 


11. 3 


7-9 


17.0 


36.1 


25.4 


92.4 


7.6 


10.8 


10.7 


42.7 


23.6 


90.4 


9.6 


8.6 


15.2 


36.6 


27.2 


84.7 


'5-3 


6.2 


12.3 


38.1 


24.8 


89.7 


10.3 


4.1 


11.7 


43-8 


26.5 


89.7 


10.3 


7-3 


6.9 


41.0 


32.9 


90.1 


9.9 


6.0 


8.1 


41.0 


32.4 


86.8 


13.2 


4.4 


5-9 


45.0 


29.0 


89.4 


10.6 


6.4 


10.2 


48-3 


22.4 


78.8 


21.2 


6-3 


7.8 


37.8 


23.0 


89.5 


10.5 


10.2 


9-9 


36.6 


30.8 


88.8 


10.2 


6.1 


7-2 


45-9 


28.5 


20.9 


79.1 


1.4 


i-7 


1 1.0 


6.0 


23.9 


76.1 


1.1 


0.8 


15-3 


6.4 


25.8 


74.2 


2.8 


4.1 


6.9 


9-7 


20.7 


79-3 


2.9 


2-7 


7.6 


6.0 


20.6 


79-4 


1.1 


i-3 


11. 6 


6.1 


20.7 


79-3 


1.2 


1.8 


12.2 


■>o 


28.2 


71.8 


2-7 


4.8 


12.3 


7-4 


16.4 


83.6 


i-7 


2.4 


7-i 


4.8 


30.0 






2.7 


14.4 





5.0 
5.0 

3-8 
3-5 
8-3 
2.1 
4.0 
4.0 

i-7 

19.9 

27.7 

13. 1 

2.6 

0.4 

9.9 

5 

10.7 

2.2 



0.3 
0.9 
1.1 

2.3 
2-3 
3-3 
i-3 

i-3 
0.9 

i-3 
1.2 
2.1 
2.2 

2-5 
2.2 

5-2 

2.3 

4.6 

2.8 

3-3 
3.6 
1.6 
2.6 

2-5 
2.2 

3-9 
2.0 
2.1 
0.8 
0.3 
2.2 

i-5 
0.5 
0.5 
1.0 
0.4 
0.6 



Per Cent of Digestible Matter 



<-> 






%i 












«3 


«u 










-Q 


-a 






fe, 




O 


<u 




-5> 


-« 




k. 


a 




<3 


V. 


« 


^ 


L> 


fe. 



9-3 


44.8 


2.8 


3-5 


7.8 


65.5 


i-3 


4-3 


5-5 


63-9 


0.6 


3-5 


4.4 


57.0 


3.0 


2.9 


7-5 


55.0 




6.8 


10.2 


69.0 




i-7 


12. 1 


37-2 


2.0 


2-7 


12.8 


5i-3 


i-7 


3-4 


9-9 


67.6 




1.1 


12.5 


12.3 


17.6 


17.3 


7-9 


12.0 


13-5 


19.9 


37.2 


15. 1 


1.8 


12.2 


"64 


34-8 


1.9 


5-4 


7-3 


59.6 


0.8 


4-3 


8.6 


38.9 


1.1 


5-9 


7-7 


49.0 
65.9 

59-5 




1.8 


2.9 


5.2 




o-3 


3-i 


4-7 




0.8 


3-9 


4.0 




1.1 


5.0 


20.3 


12.7 


M 


1.2 


18.7 


20.0 


0.8 


5-3 


26.3 


17.1 


2.0 


2.6 


23.6 


13.8 


0.9 


2.8 


25-3 


17.0 


0.7 


1.0 


38.6 


26.1 


0.3 


0.4 


16.5 


19.8 


0.4 


0.6 


17.2 


23.3 


0.4 


2.7 


10.8 


22.0 


1.0 


0.25 


11.4 


21.8 


i-7 


9-3° 


29.1 


9.2 


1.2 


10.60 


28.2 


10.7 


0.9 


10.90 


26.6 


13.6 


i-5 


12.90 


23.8 


i3-7 


M 


6.70 


29.9 


12.3 


3-o 


10.50 


22.7 


12.2 


1.2 


7.60 


26.3 


12. 1 


2.0 


7.6 


3i-i 


11. 1 


1.8 


2.2 


21.6 


21.2 


0.6 


4.9 


22.5 


19.8 


1.4 


2.8 


28.3 


15. 1 


1.4 


4.6 


26.1 


13.0 


0.9 


4.8 


37-3 




2.0 


6.2 


21.6 


20.5 


0.9 


3-2 


24.8 


16.5 


0.8 


0.9 


7.6 


3-7 


0.7 


0.6 


15.0 




0.2 


2.7 


3-9 


4-7 


i-3 


1-5 


5-5 


3-i 


0.9 


0.6 


8.6 


3.6 


0.4 


0.9 


90 


3-o 


0.3 


3-9 


9-3 


3-3 


0.5 


1.8 


6.0 


2.7 


0.2 


2.7 


14.4 




0.6 



►La. Station. 



Halligan, La., 
Station. 



Approximate. 
Approximate. 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



15 



Average Composition of Feeding Stuffs — Continued 



Feed 



Percentage Composition 






5* 



kj « 



Per Cent of Digestible Matter 



Oats (in bloom) 

Rye (Green) 

Cabbage 

Rutabagas 

Carrots 

Mangel Wurtzel 

Rape 

Potatoes (Irish) 

Potatoes (Sweet) 

Brewers' Grains (wet) . . 
Brewers' Grains (dried) 
Peanut Meal 



37.8 
23-4 

9-5 
1 1.4 
1 1.4 

9 1 
r 5-5 
21. 1 
28.9 
24.3 
91.8 
89-3 



62.2 
76.6 
90.5 
88.6 
88.6 
90.9 
84.5 
78.9 
7I .i 

75-7 

8.2 

10.7 



2.5 

1.8 


34 
2.6 


1.4 
1.2 


2-3 
1.2 


1.0 


1.1 


1.1 
2.0 


1.4 
2.2 


1.0 


2.1 


1.0 


*-5 


1.0 

3.6 

4.9 


54 
19.9 

47.6 



19.3 

6.8 
3-9 

7-5 
7.6 

5-5 

8.3 

17.3 

24.7 

12.5 

5i-7 
23.7 



1 1.2 
11. 6 
i-5 
i-3 
i-3 
0.9 

2-5 
0.6 

i-3 

3-8 

11.0 

5-i 



1.4 
0.6 
0.4 
0.2 
0.4 
0.2 
0.5 
0.1 
0.4 
1.6 
5-6 
8.0 



2.5 
2.0 
1.8 
1.0 
0.8 
1.1 

*-5 
0.9 
0.9 

3-9 
15-7 
42.9 



I2.I 


6 


7 


1.0 


4.8 


9 


3 


0.4 


*8.2 






0.4 


7-i 


1 





0.2 


*7.8 






0.2 


5.0 





4 


O.I 


8.1 






0.2 


16.3 






O.I 


22.2 






0.3 


7-7 


1 


5 


14 


30.0 


6 





S-i 


22.8 






6.9 



* Combined Nitrogen-Free Extract and Fibre. 




16 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



Explanation of Terms Used in Literature on Feeding. 

The Digestive Coefficient or digestibility of food is the per cent, of 
protein, fat or carbohydrates (fiber and nitrogen-free extract) that is digested 
and utilized by an animal. The rest is voided as feces. For example: 



AVERAGE 

Protein 



Cotton-seed meal contains 4 2 -3% 

Corn meal contains 9.2% 



Carbohydrates 
Fiber Nitrogen- 

free Extract 
5 .6% 23.6%. 

1.9% 68.7% 



Fat 



13-1% 
3.8% 



Eighty-eight per cent, of the protein of cotton-seed meal is digested and 
utilized by the animal. 88% then is the digestive coefficient of the protein of 
cotton-seed meal. 

Sixty-seven and nine-tenths per cent., or in round numbers, 68% of the 
protein of corn is digested and utilized by the animal. Hence 68% is the 
digestive coefficient of the protein of corn meal. 

Cotton-seed meal not only contains nearly five times as much protein 
as corn, but 20% more of the protein of cotton-seed meal is digested than 
the protein of corn meal. 

NUTRITIVE RATIO is the ratio of the digestible protein of a feed to the 
combined digestible fat and digestible carbohydrates, after multiplying the 
fat by 234. Fat is 2^ times more valuable than carbohydrates as a heat and 
energy producer. For example, if all the food nutrients were digestible in 
the above table, the fat of the cotton-seed meal (13.1%) multiplied by 2}4 
equals 29.4 

29.4 -f 5.6 -f 23.6 = 58.6 

^8.6 -T- 42.3 protein = about 1.3 which would be the nutritive ratio 
of cotton-seed meal. 

Similarly, the nutritive ration of corn meal would be 8.6. These ratios 
are sometimes written 1 to 1.3 and 1 to 8.6. 

A BALANCED RATION is a ration made up of feeds whose nutritive ratio 
is about 1 to 6, and containing a sufficient volume of feeding material for the 
animal according to the particular species fed. That is, the ratio of the 
total digestible protein to the combined digestible fats and digestible carbo- 
hydrates as explained above. On other pages will be found tables showing 
the composition, the digestibility, and the per cent, of the digestible nutrients 
of feeding stuffs. 



HAMPSHIRE BOAR 

at 

Spring Lake Plantation. 

He eats cotton-seed meal and 
hulls continuously, with Bermuda 
grass "on the side." 




FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



17 



Digestive Coefficient. 

Digestibility of Food. 

Not all of the protein, fat or carbohydrates (fiber and nitrogen-free ex- 
tract) of feeding stuffs is digested by the animal that eats it. The per cent, 
of each food element that can be digested and utilized by animals differs 
with the feed and with the nature of the animal that eats it. The following 
table shows the digestibility of a few common feeds: 



Protein 

% 

Timothy 48.1 

Pasture Grass 65.5 

Barley 71.8 

Dent Corn, all samples 59.7 

Oats 71.8 

Rye 79-4 

Sorghum 46.8 

Alfalfa 81. 

Red Clover . . . 67. 

Cow Pea 75.6 

Soy Bean 75.1 

Common Vetch 71.4 

Johnson Grass 41.4 

Orchard Grass 59.5 

Mixed Grasses 58.5 

Oat Hay 54.2 

Oat Straw 

Wheat Straw (G) 23. 

Sorghum Fodder (pulled) 60.8 

Cow Pea Vine 64.8 

Peanut Vine 63.3 

Hairy Vetch 82.3 

Corn Meal 67.9 

Corn-and-Cob Meal 55.6 

Rye Meal 84.4 

Pea Meal 83.2 

Soy Bean Meal 91. 1 

Cotton-Seed, Raw 67.8 

Cotton-Seed, Roasted 46.9 

Cotton-Seed Meal 88. 

Dried Brewers' Grains 79.3 

Gluten Feed 85.6 

Gluten Meal 88.2 

Wheat Bran 77-8 

Wheat Bran and Shorts 75.8 

Linseed Meal 88.8 

Peanut Feed 70.6 

Rice Meal 61.9 

Cow's Milk 94- ' 

Timothy Hav in Full Bloom, 

Well Cured 21.2 

New Corn Product 67.5 





Nitrogen-Free 




Fiber 


Extract 


Fat 


% 


% 


% 


55-6 


65.7 


53-1 


74-3 


72.5 


54-7 


60.8 


71.2 


59-9 


60.2 


73-7 


74-i 


52.8 


62.6 


69.2 


79.2 


70.1 


74-5 


59- 


74.6 


74.2 


41- 


72. 


45- 


52.6 


77.6 


64.5 


59-6 


80.6 


59-4 


47- 


73-2 


54-i 


44.2 


76.1 


58.6 


65.7 


56.9 


38.4 


60.4 


55-4 


53-8 


59-7 


58.7 


48.5 


43-5 


52. 


61.9 


57-6 


53-2 


38.3 


55- 


39- 


36. 


70.4 


64.5 


46.7 


42. 


70.6 


51.8 


51.9 


69.5 


65.9 


61. 1 


72.9 


70-3 




94-6 


92.1 


45-7 


87.6 


84.1 




91.9 


64.2 


25.7 


93-6 


54-5 


71.2 


76.3 


85.7 


75-5 


49.6 


87.1 


65.9 


5i-4 


71.7 


55- 


60. 


93- 


52.6 


57-8 


91. 1 


78. 


89.2 


844 




89.8 


94-4 


28.6 


69.4 


68. 


18.3 


04-3 


45- 


57- 


77-6 


88.6 


11. 7 


49.1 


89-7 




92.3 


91. 1 




98. 


100. 


42.6 


47-3 


47-3 


54-6 


46.9 


59-8 



18 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 




A view of a packing plant where it shows how the cotton-seed oil is taken from the large 

tanks and packed in suitable containers for the retail trade. Year by year, this oil 

becomes more popular for all sorts of cooking purposes. 




This shows how cotton-seed meal, hulls, and other feeding stuffs are mixed 

and sacked. 



Chapter II. 



Protein and Ash 



Cost of Protein. 

Regarding the feeding value of corn, the Virginia Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station, Bulletin 176, the following opinion is expressed: 

"Corn forms the basis of almost all rations for farm stock. Corn, however, 
has its limitations. To get greatest gains from corn it must be fed with other 
feeds richer in protein and ash. This is particularly true when corn is fed to 
young and growing stock. Corn is pre-eminently a fat and heatproducing food, 
which renders it quite unsuitable for constituting the entire grain ration for 
growing pigs. If used in this way, it results in the production of small boned, 
thin-muscled, and prematurely fat pigs, which are unprofitable to both feeder and 
packer, and entirely unsuitable for breeding." 

This is a universal opinion among expert feeders. To obtain the best 
results, as the above bulletin points out, corn must be supplemented by a food 
rich in protein. 

When we have to purchase a protein feeding stuff it will be important 
to determine which one is the cheapest and best adapted to the purpose for 
which it is to be used. 




25 sacks of corn chops of ioo pounds each. In this 
2500 pounds of corn chops there is 225 pounds 
of protein and 35 pounds of mineral matter. 



Five sacks of cotton-seed meal of 
100 pounds each. In this 500 
pounds of cotton-seed meal there 
are 225 pounds of protein and 35 
pounds of mineral matter. 



20 FEEDING FARMANIMALS 

Charles S. Phelps, in the February 8, 191 3, issue of The Country Gen- 
tleman, Philadelphia, one of the oldest agricultural papers in the country, 
gives the following table of the cost of protein in some common articles of 
feed: 

Cost of 1 Pound of Digestible Protein at Different Prices for Feeds. 

Cost Percentage of Cost of 

Per Digestible i Lb. of 

Ton Protein Protein 

Cents 

Cotton-Seed Meal $36. 36.0 5-0 

Cotton-Seed Meal 34- 36.0 4-7 

Cotton-Seed Meal 32. 36.0 4-4 

Linseed Meal at 40. 32.0 6.3 

Linseed Meal at 36. 32.0 5-6 

Gluten Feed at 30. 23.0 6.5 

Gluten Feed at 28. 23.0 6.1 

Buckwheat Middlings 26. 22.0 6.0 

Buckwheat Middlings 24. 22.0 5-5 

Dried Brewers' Grains 26. 15-5 8.4 

Dried Brewers' Grains 24. 15-5 8.0 

Wheat Bran 26. 12.5 10.0 

Wheat Bran 24. 12.5 9-6 

Corn Meal 32. 8.0 20.0 

Oats— Ground 32. 9-5 i7-<> 

"In this tabulation we have shown that cotton-seed meal, even at $36 a ton, 
furnishes protein of the lowest cost per pound of any common feed in the markets. 
Linseed meal furnishes protein the next cheapest. We might add here that the 
old process and the new process linseed meals have about the same percentage of 
protein. Buckwheat middlings at from $24 to $26 a ton are cheaper than gluten 
feeds at $20 a ton, but these two feeds furnish protein at the same cost when 
gluten feed sells for $28 and buckwheat middlings for $25. Brewers' grains are 
cheaper than bran at the same cost of each. Such feeds as cornmeal, hominy and 
oats furnish protein at the highest cost of all feeds, ranging from 17 to 20 cents 
a pound. Does this mean that these higher-priced feeds, as regards protein, 
should never be used? Certainly not, and especially when grown on the farm. 
They have much value for fattening, and a portion of the fattening foods is of 
importance in milk production. It does mean, however, that such feeds are 
relatively expensive to buy as a source of protein." 

Here is a Northern farm journal telling the South that the protein of 
cotton-seed meal is the cheapest protein known. It reminds us that it took 
a Connecticut Yankee to show us how to get the oil out of cotton-seed, and 
to make cotton-seed meal, and to raise the price of cotton-seed from $0.00 
per ton to $20.00 per ton. 

There are many farmers raising cotton now who feed cotton-seed meal 
and use cotton-seed oil in the place of importing gluten feed and hog lard 
from his Northern neighbors. T. C. Westbrook, Waco, Texas, who culti- 
vates about 5,000 acres of land and raises mules and horses, and thorough- 
bred Shetland ponies, hogs, goats, and sheep is one of the modern Southern 
farmers who fully appreciates the value of cotton-seed products. He feeds 
cotton-seed meal to hogs, as well as to other farm live stock, either by the 
Allison Method, or by mixing it with feeds rich in carbohydrates. 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



21 




The cow on the left in this picture has a disease known 
as "The Creeps." She, with others affected with this 



The Creeps in Cattle. 

The Importance of Ash in Feeding Stuffs. 

The value of protein has been 
emphasized by every writer upon 
food values. Carbohydrates and 
fats have likewise received the 
attention they deserve. 

But so far as the writer has 
been able to learn, after a diligent 
search through all the Agricul- 
tural Experiment Station Bul- 
letins, both State and National, as 
well as through scientific books on 
farm live stock feeding, no one has 
ever emphasized the importance 
of ASH (the mineral matter of 

disease, are penned and fed cotton-seed cake, which r j \ /„• „ „_ ..„..;,. i,;,,,./, rr,An 

supplies both the food and the mineral matter neces- f° od ) lime > magnesia potash, SOda, 

sary for renewing the starving condition of both the iron, chlorM, Carbonic , p/lOS- 

muscles and the bones. phoric , and Sulphuric acUs—SO 

important in bone composition. It seems also that little emphasis has been 
placed upon the tremendous importance of the bones — the skeleton — and how 
to furnish them with material in a form adapted to the digestive apparatus 
of the animal. It is a well established fact that the minerals enumerated 
above cannot be assimilated by the tissues of an animal when fed to them di- 
rectly as such, or as the mineral compounds which they form. They are 
assimilated from the food which the animal eats. 

Because a feeding stuff contains a high percentage of mineral matter is 
no evidence that it supplies a sufficient amount of digestible mineral matter of 
all kinds necessary to the needs of an animal. This is clearly demonstrated in 
the case of grasses. Cattle that feed upon the grasses, exclusively, of the 
Southwestern part of the United States are subject to a disease known in this 
territory as The Creeps. 'That is a bone disease in which there is a defi- 
ciency of lime in the food. And still it is a well known fact that cattle do 
not have "The Creeps" while feeding upon green grasses, although the 
green grasses have no more mineral matter in proportion to the dry matter of 
the grasses than the dry grasses have. In other words, the mineral matter 
of the green grasses is more available for the purposes of digestion than the 
mineral matter of the same grasses dry. An animal thrives better in all re- 
spects when it has "greens," either in the form of living grass, or in the form 
of "canned vegetables," as in the case of ensilage. 

Now when it comes to the treatment of cattle with "The Creeps," what 
has been prescribed and what has been the experience of cattle men with 
these prescriptions? The following letter addressed to Dr. J. S. Abbott, 
Dairy and Food Commissioner of Texas, contains two prescriptions, viz. : 

i. Cotton-Seed Meal. 

2. Portland Cement and Salt. 



22 FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 

The letter follows: 

"The Agricultural & Mechanical College of Texas. 
VETERINARY DEPT. 
Dr. Mark Francis 
Dr. R. P. Marsteller 
Dr R. C. Dunn 



Dr. J. S. Abbott, 

Austin, Texas. 



College Station, Tex., Feb. 4, 1913. 



Dear Sir: 

The disease of cattle called 'creeps' is due to a soreness of the bones 
as the result of a deficiency of lime in the food. It is quite common in the 
whole southwest and is especially prevalent among cows which are nursing 
calves. These animals become so depraved in appetite that they will chew 
the bones of animals which have died on the prairie in an attempt to secure lime. 
Cows which are nursing calves will recover in sixty days if the calf be weaned 
and the cow fed a reasonable amount of nourishing food. (Cotton-seed, cotton- 
seed meal or cake.) I believe the most practicable way to supply them the 
lime is to make a mixture of Portland cement and common salt, say, half and 
half, then add water and stir it so as to form a concrete; when it has been 
well mixed it might be shoveled into several boxes so as to set into a rock. In 
24 hours the boxes may be hauled out into the pasture and distributed where 
the animals can have access to them. The salt zuill attract the animals to 
licking these rocks, and yet they cannot get enough at any time to cause ill- 
ness. This is much easier than to try to put lime in their drinking water. 

Very truly yours, 

Mark Francis." 

The following letter is also of interest and self-explanatory: 

"UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY, Washington, D. C. 

Address reply to 'Chief of 
Bureau of Animal Industry,' 
and refer to U-Q, 20 3. 

Feb. 14, 1913. 

Dr. J. S. Abbott, 

Austin, Texas. 

Sir: 

Referring to your letter of February 10th, the disease which you call creeps, 
technically designated osteomalacia, is caused by an insufficient supply of mineral 
ingredients in the food, probably phosphates of lime. It is apt to make its appear- 
ance when there has been no rain for a considerable time, and the grass does not 
contain a sufficient amount of lime salts, thus the animals fail to procure enough 
mineral matter. If it were possible to transfer affected animals to other pastures 
where there is more moisture, a marked improvement would be seen in those 
affected. It has been suggested that cotton-seed meal is one of the best feeds for 
cattle with this affection, as it is rich in lime salts. 

Very respectfully, 

Geo. W. Pope, 

Acting Chief, 
Ouarantine Division." 



FEEDING FARMANIMALS 23 

The first prescription is for treatment of the disease, and the second is 
intended to prevent the disease. But the experience of cattle men indicates 
what has been considered for a long time a scientific fact, viz., that mineral 
matter can not be supplied as such directly to the animal tissues and become 
incorporated into them through the digestive processes. 

The treatment of the disease, however, with cotton-seed meal or cake, as 
Dr. Francis says, is successfully done upon the range and it is the only effec- 
tive treatment ever found by Rhome Shields, J. P. Anderson, T. J. Clegg, M. 
B. Pulliam, Willis Johnson, and many well known cattlemen of the San 
Angelo, Texas, Country. 

Other feeding stuffs, less rich in ash, however, are also recommended as 
well as bone meal. 

Just as cotton-seed meal or cake will cure "The Creeps," that is, supply 
the deficiency of mineral matter to the bones after it has been greatly re- 
duced, just so will it supply the mineral matter necessary to the formation 
of bone in the young growing animal in a form that can be utilized by it in 
the development of a good substantial frame — which every breeder strives 
to obtain and which is obtained by selection and elimination over long 
periods of time. 

Now the ratio of ash, or mineral matter, in cotton-seed meal to the dry 
matter of the meal is just about the same as it is in grasses, dry or green. 
But it can be utilized from cotton-seed meal when it can not from the grasses 
or from other feeding stuffs. Just what sort of compounds these minerals 
have formed in these feeding stuffs remains to be determined. Our Agricul- 
tural Experiment Stations might find it profitable to try to find out a physi- 
ological explanation of the above empirical knowledge. 

Farmers' Bulletin No. 346, U. S. Department of Agriculture, is- 
sued Jan. 23, 1909, speaks of ash as follows: 

"ASH — The ash supply has received less attention in the past than its 
importance deserves. In the ordinary operation of the bodily machinery its ash 
ingredients are being continually excreted and the food must supply ash sufficient 
in amount and of the right kinds to make good the loss, while the growing animal 
needs an additional supply for building up its new tissues. Fortunately, normally 
constituted rations appear to be rarely deficient in ash." 



24 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



Farmers' Bulletin No. 22, U. S. Department of Agriculture, issued in 
1901, thus speaks of the Ash, mineral matter, of corn: 

"As a general rule rations composed of a variety of nutritious foods contain 
sufficient ash to supply the requirements of the body. Corn, however, is poor in 
ash, and when fed extensively to growing animals, like pigs, it may be necessary 
to add to it some ash material." 

Bulletin No. 135 of the Agricultural Experiment Station of West Vir- 
ginia, contains the following statement with reference to the importance 

of ash in a feeding ration: 

"As compared with the composition of an egg, most of the grains commonly 
employed as poultry foods are too low in protein and ash. 

"In feeding for egg production it is necessary not only to have the proportion 
of protein to carbohydrates approximately correct, but it is also essential to have 
the ash constituents of the ration sufficient in amount. There is nearly eight 
times as much ash in the dry substance of an egg as there is in corn or wheat, 
and this deficiency must be made good in some way." 

There is nearly as much ash in cotton-seed meal as there is in the dry 
substance of an egg. 

Corn contains about one-half as much ash as oats, and about one-fifth 
as much ash as cotton-seed meal or cake. Hence when one pound of cotton- 
seed meal or cake is substituted for five pounds of corn there is not only the 
same amount of protein fed, but the same amount of ash as well. The only 
deficiency, therefore, to be made up is the carbohydrates and possibly a little 
fat, depending upon the amount of fat in the cotton-seed meal or cake, which 
is three or four times that of corn. 

Carbohydrates are plentiful generally any way, and cotton-seed meal is 
rich in digestible fat as well as in digestible protein and digestible ash. 

"San Angela, Texas, March 7, 1913. 

Answering your inquiry of the 21st inst. in regard to my experience in 
feeding cattle with 'The Creeps,' I beg to say that the only remedy I have found 
that is entirely efficient is cotton-seed or cotton-seed meal or cake. It is quite an 
extreme case that this fails to cure. It is the only feed that I have ever found of 
any value for this range disease. 

Yours truly, 

Gerome W. Shield. 




Twin calves from a cow, fed cotton- 
seed meal and hulls, both before 
and after calving. 



FEEDING FARMANIMALS 25 



"San Angela , Texas, February ig, IQIJ. 
J. S. Abbott, Esq., 

Austin, Texas. 
Dear Sir: 

Replying to your favor of the 17th inst. with reference to the treatment of 
range cattle for the creeps, especially with reference to feeding cotton-seed cake, 
I beg to say that my experience has been that when cattle have been taken up 
in the early stage of the creeps and fed on cottonseed cake or meal for from 
thirty to sixty days the disease entirely disappears. Of course, when cattle have 
been affected for a longer period it naturally requires a longer time to effect a 
cure, but in every instance where I have fed cattle affected with creeps on cotton- 
seed meal or cake I have effected a permanent cure. 

Respectfully, 

M. B. Pulliam." 

"Replying to your favor of the 17th inst. beg to say that at different times 
I have come into possession of cattle that had been grazed in hilly pastures in dry 
seasons and which had the 'creeps.' It is my understanding that the 'creeps' 
amounts to a softening of the bone to such an extent that a very slight jar would 
break the bone; that this trouble is caused by a lack of Bicarbonate of Lime in the 
food the cattle eat. Any food that is rich in fat and protein is an effective remedy 
for the trouble. Cotton-seed is good, but cotton-seed meal and cake are better, 
in fact, cattle affected with the 'creeps' that are fed regularly a ration of either 
meal or cake rapidly recover and regain their normal healthy condition. 

"Cows that are in bad shape and very poor should be started in on about 
one-half pound of cake per day and the feed gradually increased until they get 
three or four pounds of cake or meal in connection with the grass in pastures or 
roughness fed in lots." — T. J. Clegg, Concho Land Co., San Angelo, Texas. 



Impotent Bulls 

A most interesting experience has been that of T. J. Clegg, San Angelo, 
Texas, in feeding old bulls upon cotton-seed meal and hulls as told in the 
following letter. Whether there be a medicinal principle in cotton-seed meal 
and hulls, or not, the fact that it rejuvenates the old and decrepit bulls, cures 
"The Creeps" in cattle and "The Heaves" in horses and mules, certainly 
makes it an interesting subject for investigation by some one interested in 
trying to find a physiological explanation of this empirical knowledge. The 
writer has talked to Mr. Clegg upon the point in question and is satisfied that 
the cotton-seed products above mentioned have been the only effective feed- 
ing stuffs in producing the results which he described. 

It may be that this result is obtained simply by virtue of the protein of 
the cotton-seed meal. It will be seen from another page that the digestive co- 
efficient (digestibility) of cotton-seed meal is much higher than that of the 
protein of other farm products. It is 88% for cotton-seed meal and only 
68% for corn meal. Besides, the former has nearly five times as much protein 
in it as corn meal. 



26 FEEDING FARMANIMALS 

The following letter is self-explanatory: 

"San Angelo, Texas, Feb. 14th, 1913. 
Mr. J. S. Abbot, 

Austin, Texas. 
Dear Sir: 

Replying to your letter of inquiry of February 12th, igi 3, relative to my 
experience in feeding Old Bulls and getting good service from them after they 
had once been counted as 'played out,' will say that I have been feeding cattle 
on rather an extensive scale with Cotton Seed Meal and Hulls ever since the 
industry has been developed to any great extent. At different times, I have 
bought old, run-down registered bulls that were not considered fit for service any 
more and put them in a feed lot on full feed and fed them as long as 120 days 
until they were finished fat on the meal and hulls, then, in the Spring, I have 
taken such bulls and turned them out with the coivs and it is my experience, for 
that season, they would give as much or more service than they ever had before 
in any one season of their lives. I have never kept such bulls longer than one 
season for breeding purposes after they had been once fattened as above stated. 
Just so a bull has vitality enough to relish his feed and get fat, I am quite sure 
you will always find the results to be the same. 

If you desire any further statement of my experience along this line, please 
call on me. 

Very truly yours, 

T. J. Clegg." 



Chapter III. 



Wintering Range Cattle 



THERE was a time in the good old days, so the old settlers say, when the 
prairie grass of Central and West Texas was waist high and therefore 
furnished an unlimited supply of winter as well as summer food for the 
native cattle of unknown breeding. But better days came for the pioneer 
who had the energy and courage to obey the Biblical injunction to "Subdue 
and have dominion" over the natural resources of this historic territory. 
The range was stocked with more and more cattle. More and more land 
became subject to cultivation. The old time cow man pushed on farther 
West hunting free open range. Today this is a thing of the past. As the 
grass became scarce, the cow man instinctively turned his attention to 
the problem of finding feed to supplement the grass, especially during 
drouths or during the hard winters with their cold wet "northers." Nature 
supplemented the grass feed with the mesquite tree and the cactus plant. 
Some years the mesquite tree furnishes a large yield of beans which are rich 
in food material. The cactus (prickly pear) is covered with spines that 
protect it when it is not needed. When it is needed, the spines are burned off 
so the cattle eat it with great relish. It is a roughness of great value when 
other feed is scarce. It contains about 70% water, 1.2% of protein, 6% fat, 
and 20% carbohydrates. 

The mesquite beans are eaten up before the latter part of winter. The 
cactus contains very little nourishment and is troublesome to handle. Corn 
is too expensive to winter cattle on. Cotton-seed cake is cheap, a good appe- 
tizer, 'rich in food elements, especially protein, and easily handled. It has 
solved the problem of carrying range cattle through the winter. 

The figure shows Mr. J. P. Anderson of San Angelo, Texas, standing 
with a bucket of cotton-seed cake in his hand calling his cows which may be 
seen coming toward him from away back in the mesquite brush. When they 
get close to him, he puts out a few handfuls close to the root of a bush to 
keep them from tramping it into the ground. It is too valuable to be used as 
a fertilizer. Each animal gets about 1 pound per day. After he feeds all 
the cattle that come to him, he drives off to another place on the ranch and 
feeds again. 

These cattle are not the historic long horns. Their white faces and red 
bodies show their breeding. It is one indication of the intelligence of the 
owner. But the cotton-seed cake feeding on the range is the latest signifi- 
cance of the intelligence of the modern Westerner. 

Now what is the value of such a method of feeding? Before the day 
of cake, the ranchman was lucky if he did not lose more than 10% of his 
herd in bad winters. If he loses 1% now, he thinks he has sustained too big 
a loss. But there is another and bigger consideration to this question than 
this. The cake, according- to Mr. Anderson, T. J. Clegg, the Harris Bros., 



28 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



Rome Shields, Willis Johnson, and many other well known cattlemen of the 
San Angelo country, gives the cattle a good appetite. They actually eat 
coarser grasses and more of them than they would without the cake. They 
go through the winter in good shape, and when the spring grass comes on, 
"they grow right away from stuff that has not been fed this way," and fatten 
for market much earlier in the summer. That it pays to feed cotton-seed 
cake this way is the experience of every cattleman who has used it. Such 
cattle pass through our winters in a fine, healthy, growing condition. Cot- 
ton-seed cake has been the salvation of the Southwestern cattleman. 



Will Feed Cotton-Seed Cake Instead of Corn in the Future. 
Mr. M. E. Richardson, Rice County, Kansas, writes: 

"March 21, 1 9 13. 
Dear Sir: 

I have yours requesting my opinion of cotton-seed meal or screened cracked 
cake as a feed for cattle. 

Last year, I wintered through 250 head of cattle on hay and cake. This 
winter I am trying hay and corn on about the same number and while last winter 
was a very bad winter my cattle did much better than they have this winter and 
from this time on, I will feed cake and hay." 



Likes Cotton-Seed Meal with Ensilage. 
Mr. C. C. Eisiminger, Andrew County, Missouri, says: 

"March 21, 191 3. 
Dear Sir: 

Your card at hand. I like cotton-seed meal for a winter feed. I give my 
cattle about five pounds a day with about 30 lbs. of ensilage and 75 lbs. alfalfa 
hay. 

My cattle do uell and gain right along all winter." 




FEEDING FARMANIMALS 29 

Fattening Cattle on the Range. 

Since the introduction of cotton seed meal and cake as a range feed, 
many feeders have tried to fatten their cattle with it upon the range, and 
with or without success according to the methods used. The cotton-seed 
meal is not suitable for range feeding for obvious reasons. The cake, broken 
up into small nuts, may be poured out upon the ground and picked up by 
the cattle with little loss. The first attempt to fatten cattle upon the range 
was to haul out a load of cake to a central place upon the ranch and call up 
the cattle and scatter out the cake to them. It did not take long for the cattle 
to become trained to an understanding of the purpose of the call. Hence, 
in a short time they would respond to it, often running a mile or two to get 
a meal. The result of course was that they ran off so much fat that it was 
not practicable to fatten in this manner. 

One of the first ranchmen to successfully fatten cattle upon the range 
was Mr. T. J. Clegg of the San Angelo country, Texas. He is an experi- 
enced feeder, having fattened as many as 7,000 steers in one season. His 
plan of range fattening is a modification of the method just described as a 
failure. He sends two or three wagons out upon the range every morning. 
The drivers are instructed to stay out all day and not to call the cattle, but 
to drive to the cattle, throwing out a shovel full of cake here and there, 
wherever he found them. The cattle soon became accustomed to understand 
the purpose of the wagon and to hunt it when they heard the noise it made. 
In a little while it was no trouble to feed them this way and it was likewise 
no trouble to fatten cattle upon the range. 

The advantages of range fattening are many. The grass takes the place 
of cotton-seed hulls and decreases the cost of feeding by that amount. The 
cattle are tamed to an extent that is valuable in handling them. They are not 
subjected to all the unfavorable conditions of penning. It saves much ex- 
pense of hiring hands to do the feeding, for the ranch has to have a certain 
amount of help anyway. Thus, by a proper use of cotton-seed cake an ad- 
ditional revenue comes to the stock man. They say there is no other feed 
equal to it for keeping their cattle in a fine, healthy, growing condition as 
well as for fattening purposes, and no other feed that produces such a fine 
quality of meat. 




30 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 




This is a picture of the thorny prickly pear indigenous to the southwestern part of the United 
States and Mexico. This is nature's method of storing up food and water for the live 
stock of this territory. During long periods of drouth the thorns are burned off of this 

feeding stuff and it is fed to cattle in connection with cold press cotton-seed meal or with 

cotton-seed cake. 




In the middle of this picture Mr. Anderson is 
seen calling the cattle which he is going to 
feed with cotton-seed cake. All cattle within 
the sound of his voice understand the mean- 
ing of the call. 




Mr. Anderson puts the cotton-seed cake near the roots of trees or bushes so that the cattle 
will not tramp it into the ground. These range cattle eat about one pound per head per 
day. This keeps them in a healthy, thriving condition and gives them a good appetite 
which causes them to eat more of the coarse grasses than they would otherwise. In the 
spring time when the grass begins to grow these cattle begin to fatten at once. 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



31 




Fattening Range Cattle in Pens. 

The severest test to which cotton-seed meal, cake or hulls has ever been 
put, or to which it can ever be put, with respect to its adaptability as a food 
for farm live stock, is the one familiar to every man, woman and child of 
the South, viz., the fattening of range cattle in pens for market with cotton- 
seed meal and hulls. Quite a contrary opinion is generally held, however. 
It is such a common thing to see a pen of range cattle feeding upon cotton- 
seed meal and hulls that our own intelligent citizenship has come to think 
and to express its opinion that such a feeding ration is not suitable for any 
other kind of farm live stock. On the other hand, every pen of cattle, feed- 
ing upon cotton-seed products, is a concrete, living, and unanswerable argu- 
ment that such a feed may be fed under any other conditions and circum- 
stances arising with respect to feeding farm live stock. This fact is not only 
borne out by actual experience, numerous examples of which could be cited, 
but it is in accord with the fundamental principles of physiology and 
dietetics. 

What has been the ration of a train load of range cattle which is going 
into the feeding pen? What has been their environment? Their ration of 
course varied with the locality from which they came, but in most cases in 
the South it has been mixed grasses of varying composition. They have 
lived all their lives almost if not altogether upon grass, either green or dry. 
From generation to generation they have been born and raised upon grass. 
Every cell of their bodies, — their muscles, blood, bones and hair, as well as 
their nervous organism, — has been formed and attuned to a peculiar food 



32 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



and environment. They have perhaps never seen any form oi concentrated 
food, especially in the Southwest. Thin of flesh and wild they are penned up 
close together, usually near the roar of the railroad trains and steam whis- 
tles, unprotected from wind and rain, and sleet and snow. In from 60 to 90 
days these old dry bones must take on flesh and fat and become a finished 
product. And in fact the miracle is performed with cotton-seed meal and 
hulls. 

What is the chasm between these two rations? The ration of the range 
(the ration of heredity) and cotton-seed meal and hulls? The nutritive ratio 
of the grasses they have been raised upon may vary from 1 to 25. It may be 
even greater than this. The nutritive ratio of prairie grass hay is 1 to 84. 
If, as is sometimes the case, sorghum fodder has been feed, they have become 
somewhat accustomed to a nutritive ratio of 1 to 22. But when these cattle 
enter the feed pen they at once and for the first time in their lives begin feed- 
ing upon a concentrated food having a nutritive ratio of 1 to 1.2! Think of 
it! Going suddenly from one extreme to the other! Cotton-seed meal 
is mixed with hulls and a nutritive ration of about 1 to 6 is obtained and 
maintained to the end of the fattening period. 

Is this not a severe test of the digestive apparatus of an animal, and of 
the feeding value and wholesomeness of a feed ration? How does such a 
change agree with the well known principles of physiology and dietetics? 

"In laying out a plan of alimentation the following points should be con- 
sidered: The first change in diet should not be too great!" — Max Einhorn, 
M. D., Diet and Nutrition, Professor of Medicine at the New York Post 
Graduate Medical School and Hospital. 

Another eminent authority, Professor I. P. Pavlov, Director of the Phy- 
siological Section of the Imperial Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. 
Petersburg, makes the following statement on the point in question, in his 
book, "The Work of the Digestive Glands": 

"Every food determines a certain amount of digestive work, and when a 
given dietary is long continued, definite and fixed types of gland activity are set 
up which can be altered but slowly and with difficulty. In consequence, digestive 
disturbances are often instituted if a change be suddenly made from one dietetic 
REGIME to another, especially from a sparse to a rich diet, such, for instance, 
as happens after the long Russian fasts. These disturbances are expressions of 
the temporary insufficiency of the digestive glands to meet the new demands made 
upon them." 




Meeis feeding upon cotton-seed meal and hulls. 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



33 




A pen of cattle fattening upon cotton-seed meal and hulls in Guthrie, Oklahoma. 

Many cattle are taken right up off the range from a long fast on a 
scanty diet poor in protein and put upon the richest diet known and stuffed 
to the very limit. The fact that these cattle thrive upon such changed feed- 
ing and under such changed surroundings is the most potent and convincing 
argument for cotton-seed products for farm live stock feeding that will ever 
be obtained from the experience of the practical feeder or from the Experi- 
ment Stations of our A. & M. Colleges. 

The breed of range cattle experimented upon as explained above must 
be taken into consideration to fully appreciate the value of cotton-seed meal 
and hulls. When meal and hulls first began to be fed, the range cattle of 
the South and Southwest were scrubs, hard to fatten. In Texas, Oklahoma, 
and New Mexico these were the notorious long horn cattle, of long, thin 
bodies, long legs, and little loin. But it was possible to fatten these cattle upon 
cotton-seed meal and hulls. 




Another pen of cattle fattening upon cotton-seed meal and hulls in 
Ballinger, Texas. 



34 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



*tf" 







These are photographs of native steers of the southwestern plains of the United States and 
Mexico, known as "long horns." These steers never had any concentrated food until they 
were put into the feeding pens at Austin, Texas, shown in photographs, where they are 
being fattened upon cotton-seed meal and hulls. 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



35 




A pen of steers fattened upon ensilage and cotton-seed meal. 

Over-Feeding an Animal. 

It is a well known principle of physiology that over-feeding is detri- 
mental to any animal. This fact is expressed in the following language in 
Bulletin No. 115 of the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station: 

"It is frequently the case that animals receive more food than is necessary 
for their most perfect health and working condition. There being a limit to 
the digestive powers, food that is partaken of above that required for proper 
maintenance (according to the class of animal and the work demanded), not only 
overtaxes the digestive organs and, consequently, excites diseases, but is an absolute 
waste." 

"The most essential thing in feeding meal and hulls is to begin feeding a 
proper proportion of meal, and increase the meal sloivly. It should also be seen 
that the meal and hulls are thoroughly mixed before feeding. The proportion of 
meal fed should be governed by the weight and age of the cattle. 

The first ten days ration of feed used was 2^4 pounds of meal and 18 
pounds of hulls per head per day. The proportion of meal ivas increased slowly. 
The last ten days before shipping 8 pounds of meal per head was used. The 
average feed for IOO days, 5 pounds of meal and JO pounds of hulls. 

Sheds or wind-breaks should be used for protection against the cold iveather, 
and a sufficient supply of water should be available at all times. 

These steers were shipped to St. Louis in February. The land was plowed 
very deep, and planted in cotton, corn and cow peas. It produced nearly a bale 
of cotton per acre, which had previously taken 6 or 8 acres to make a bale of 
cotton. Corn yielded around 50 bushels per acre. 

Any one owning their farms will make big profits by feeding cattle on their 
lands, whether or not they make a profit on the cattle, as the fertilizer alone will 
make a handsome dividend. — R. H. Winfield, Mgr., Enterprise Cotton Oil Co.,, 
Augusta, Ark." 

Durant, Okla., Feb. 25, IOlJ r 

"I have been a heavy buyer of the product of the Durant Cotton Oil Com- 
pany of Durant, Oklahoma, for years, having fed thousands of cattle at their 
mill, and take this opportunity of expressing my appreciation of their courteous 
treatment and to compliment them on the grade of their product. I know of 
no feed which can be fed more economically, or will put on fat as quickly as 
cotton-seed meal and hulls. Considering the very high percentage of protein and 
fat in the meal, and when fed with cotton-seed hulls, I believe the combination 
to be the best and cheapest feed on earth. 



36 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 




The last of the "Long Horns." Owned by Ed. 
C. Lasater, Falfurrias, Texas, and kept as 
a reminder of the days that are gone. 



"The small feeder, as well as the large, should use more of this product of the 
mills, and make money, and at the same time prevent the exporter from taking 
our cotton-seed meal for foreign buyers, who realize that in buying cotton-seed 
meal, they are getting more feed value for their money than in any concentrated 
feed known." — Hugh Holsell, President, Durant Cotton Oil Co., Durant, Okla. 

"With corn selling at 6oc. a bushel, the feeder places much dependence on 
cotton-seed meal or cake as an expense reducer. I feed it to all my cattle and 
would not know what to do without it. It is a great flesh producer and as a 
hair finisher it has no rivals. Getting the hair into shape is one of the hardest 
things a feeder has to do as the value of the skin of the animal puts much more 
worth on it, and is an asset to every steer sold. This shipment I just marketed 
I fed for five months on clover hay, corn and cotton-seed meal. They were' 
yearlings and their gain ivas remarkable. They averaged 865 pounds and at 
$6.85 per cwt. made me money. I zvas well satisfied with the sale and cannot say 
too much good of the St. Louis market." — C. H. Terry, Cattle Feeder, Jersey 
County, III. 

"Considering the excellent results secured from cotton-seed meal during the 
time it was fed, together with the fact that the two lots of horses seem to have 
been so nearly of equal average feeding qualities, there is every indication that the 
ration containing cotton-seed meal was in no way inferior and probably was 
slightly superior to the linseed oil meal ration in efficiency." — Bulletin IOQ, 
Experiment Station, Iowa State College. The Value of Corn, Oil Meal, Cotton- 
Seed Meal and Gluten Feed in Work Horse Rations. 

"The addition of cotton-seed meal to a ration of shelled corn and clover 
hay, resulted in a more rapid and cheaper gain, a higher finish and a greater 
profit per steer." — Bulletin 136, Purdue University Agricultural Experiment 
Station, Lafayette, Ind. 

"The three rations fed to steers gave percentage of gain and the greatest 
daily average gain in the following order: Cassava, cotton-seed products and 
corn meal. 

The result of feeding showed a profit on the investment as follows: Cassava, 
48.82 per cent.; cotton-seed products, 87.43 P^r cent.; corn meal, 14.6Q per 
cent." — Bulletin 55, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station. 



FEEDING FARMANIMALS 37 

Would Not Attempt to Feed Without Cotton-Seed Meal or Cake. 

Mr. G. B. Kelly, of the well-known firm of Verner-Kelly Commission 
Co., Kansas City, Mo., writes: 

"March, 27, 1913. 
In answer to your inquiry as to cotton-seed meal and cake I wish to say 
that I have been using both the meal and screened cracked cake for the past 
eight years and will say that I find it a very valuable feed both for fattening 
cattle and also for wintering cattle on the range, as I have used it quite exten- 
sively in both cases. In fattening cattle for beef market, I use the meal with 
either corn chops or shelled corn, and in carrying cattle through the winter, to 
graze the following summer, I used the screened cake. Have used this cake in 
Kansas, where we use hay and other forage feed as roughness, and have also 
used it in the Panhandle country of Texas, where cattle graze the old grass as 
roughness. I ivould not attempt to full-feed cattle for the beef market without 
a ration of cotton-seed meal, nor would I expect to winter cattle in either Kansas 
or Texas without a ration of the cotton-seed cake." 

Useless to Try to Feed Without Cotton-Seed Meal and Ensilage. 

Mr. Fred McCullough, successful feeder of Poweshiek County, Iowa > 
says: 

"March 8, 191 3. 

Yours of the 6th inst. asking for my opinion in the feeding of cotton-seed 
meal received and in reply will say that I have been using it in connection with 
silage for some years and find it an excellent feed and it is almost useless to try 
to feed silage in feeding cattle without the cotton-seed meal. 

With this cheap ration we have made exceptional gains and always sell at 
near the top price." 

Feeds Well Anyway. 

H. D. Hover, one of the most successful feeders in Greenwood County, 
Kansas, writes: 

"March 20, 1913. 
In regard to the feeding of cake: 

I have found in my ten years' experience it is the cheapest feed I can buy. 
Feeds well with our' wild grass in the fall, feeds well with cane and I'm 
getting good results this year using H with ensilage." 




A few pens of cattle fattened with cotton-seed meal and hulls and ready 
to be shipped to market. 



38 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 




Finds Cotton-Seed Cake the Cheapest and Best to Winter Cattle. 
Englehart & Son, extensive feeders of Greenwood County, Kansas, say; 

"March 19, 1913. 

We think that cotton-cake is the cheapest feed that zve can use to balance 
the ration. We half feed about JOO head per year. 

When the grass commences to dry up in the fall, we commence with one 
pound per day, per head and gradually increase until the cattle are eating three 
pounds per day, then we haul them all the cane and caffir corn buts and prairie 
hay that they will clean up, stalks and all. We feed in the pasture until about 
Christmas, then move them into the feed lots and feed- cane and caffir corn until 
the first of March, then put them on shock corn and alfalfa, feeding three pounds 
of cake all the while. We aim to take the corn away from them about two 
weeks before they go to graze. 

This method of feeding costs us from $15.00 to $17.00 per head. The 
cattle are as good as those fed shock corn and hay all winter and costs $20.00 
to $25.00, and will graze a lot better." 



Has Fed Cotton-Seed Products for Twenty Years. 
H. L. O'Bryan, well known feeder of LaBette County, Kansas, says 

"March IQ, 191 3. 

For nearly twenty years I have been feeding cattle and using cotton-seed 
meal, screened cake and hulls with such excellent results, that I would not want 
to undertake to fatten a bunch of cattle without having some form of cotton-seed 
products to go with their other feed. 

For finishing fat cattle, I use the cotton-seed meal with ground ear corn. 
For wintering aged cattle I like the screened cake." 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



39 



Gets Big Gains. 

M. I. Mullins, one of Iowa's most successful feeders, of Dallas County, 
writes: 

"March 14, 19 1 3. 

In regard to my feeding: 

I feed ground corn, cob and choice screened cracked cake. 

I grind corn and cob and cotton seed cake all together and ?ny feeding is 
all done under roof and my barns are all cement floors. 

You must give cattle the very best of care if you make good gains. I have 
made gains as high as four pounds a day and held it for 106 days straight." 



Will Not Feed Inferior Feed. 



Mr. B. B. Huckell, Ray County, Missouri, writes: 

"March 8, 191 3. 

Yours to hand in regard to the feed that I use in fattening cattle and will 
say that I use four pounds of screened cotton-seed cake or meal, twenty pounds 
corn silage, five pounds of alfalfa hay every other day and all the shelled corn 
they will eat and I usually get an average of three pounds a day. Have got as 
high as four pounds but that is unusual. 

I have been feeding cattle for years and have found that I get better results 
with the above rations and have less loss than any other ration I have fed. I did 
not think the cotton-seed meal or cake was of much value until three years ago, 
I heard so much talk that I decided to try it myself and I would not think of 
doing without it now. It seems to be just what ivas needed to make a balanced 
ration. 

I think a person should be careful about getting feed of good quality as so 
many seem to think that most any kind of feed will be all right for cattle, but 
I have found that the best is cheapest and I, for one, am going to let the other 
fellows feed the inferior feed." 




No. 19. 

A train-load of 22 cars of cattle on its way to market. These cattle were 

fattened on cotton-seed meal and hulls. 



40 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 




The Death Loss is Less. 
A. G. Williamson, extensive dealer of Grant County, Kansas, writes 

"March n, 1913. 

In regard to your letter: 

I am not in position to answer thoroughly, although I sold sixteen cars last 
year of the screened cake. 

Last year ivas a very hard year on cattle, the storm setting in the last of 
November and lasting until the first of April, with an average of 12 incites of 
snow on the level. 

Most stockmen were out of all kind of roughness in three weeks. They 
used from I to 2 pounds of cake per head. 

One man I know of had plenty of grain and no cake, fed plenty of grain 
and was the heaviest loser in the country, only saving 17 head out of 43 head, 
while parties with plenty of cake didn't average losing over 5% of their cattle. 
There is nothing cattle can live on as long as a small amount of cake." 



Makes Three Feeds Instead of Two. 
Mr. T. D. White, of Carroll County, Missouri, writes: 



"March 10, 1913. 

In reply to yours in regard to my opinion of cotton-seed meal or cake as a 
feed for cattle: 

In all my cattle feeding in winter and dry lot feeding for the last ten years 
I have used cotton-seed products and have been well pleased with results. 

Feeding the concentrated feeds shortens the feeding period about two months, 
or in other words, I make three feeds with the same money I used to do only 
two feeds." 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



41 




"After spending over fifty years of my life in feeding, breeding, and ship- 
ping live stock in one of the north central states where corn is the chief food for 
all kinds of stock, three years ago I came to Texas (I regret that I did not come 
forty years ago) on account of the fine climate. I had made up my mind to 
quit the live stock game altogether. But the old live stockman knows too well 
how I kept my word. We cannot forget our first love. So here I am in Dixie 
Land, worrying and fretting and feeding and forgetting my years. But you 
wanted to know what I think of cotton-seed products. I will not tell you what 
I have read, but will tell you in a plain, horse sense way, what we have done. 
Two years ago we began feeding a feiu cattle, just nibbled a little, to get onto 
the ropes. I was much better pleased with results than any cattle I ever fed 
on corn in the North. I fed a few more this winter, and I am highly pleased 
with the results. 

We have also been feeding from 100 to JOO sheep. I mean we keep about 
that many in the lots all the time. Most of these are coming yearlings. The 
results are very gratifying. Indeed, it is remarkable the amount of meal a sheep 
can consume. Lambs weighing 45 to 50 pounds when they went into the feed 
lots soon came to full feed of 2 pounds per head daily. It is a remarkable fact 
that we have not lost a sheep from the effects of the food we have given them. 
We feed a small amount of oats with the cotton-seed meal, but only when I am 
crowding them heavily on meal. 

We also kept about 100 head of hogs on the farm like most farmers — hogs 
of all ages and sizes. We began to feed very cautiously as we were warned. 
We let them run on wheat pasture and feed other feeds but I notice the ones that 
get the most cotton-seed meal are moving up their greasy trail as the business was 
rushing in the interior. 

When I first began to feed cotton-seed products, I asked many farmers for 
information but their opinions were so varied that I decided to 'take the bull by 
the horns' and follow the motto of 'The lark and the farmer' ; I am satisfied 
with results. Some farmers told me that oil meal zuould kill hogs. So will 
corn kill sheep and cattle if you do not know how to feed it. Were I to decide 
to feed in the North again, cotton-seed products would be the principle feed as 
it is both a pleasure and a profit to feed it." — Thomas F. Boyer, Ft. Worth, 
Tex., R. F. D. No. 3. 



42 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 





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fe fftt&^ Rt.iift fe ; b jas^Si9tf 


^B^^fc. > tfewShyj^ tttr 


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"Whitesboro, Texas, Feb. 24, 1913. 



Whitesboro Cotton-Oil Co., 
City. 

Gentlemen : 

I have run a meat market in this town for 19 years, and for the past 12 
years, winter and summer, I have fed meal and hulls for fattening the stock 
which I kill. I have fed cattle on this feed for 5 months prior to butchering, and 
believe I could have fed them on indefinitely without any injury to them. I 
get better results and a much greater profit when feeding meal and hulls to beef 
cattle than from any other feed. 

Yours truly, 

E. L. Mills, Proprietor, 

City Meat Market." 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 43 

Rations 

Fattening Steers. 

Successful ration used by R. H. Winfield, Augusta, Ga. : 

Cotton-seed meal 5 pounds 

Cotton-seed hulls 30 " 

Successful ration used by C. C. Esiminger, Andrew County, Mo.: 

Cotton-seed meal 5 pounds 

Ensilage 30 " 

Alfalfa hay 15 " 

Successful ration used by B. B. Huckell, Ray County, Mo. : 

Cotton-seed meal 4 pounds 

Corn ensilage 20 " 

Alfalfa hay, every other day 5 " 

All the corn they will eat. 

Successful ration used by M. I. Mullin, Dallas County, Iowa: 
Cotton-seed cake. Corn on cob. 

Equal parts ground together. 

Daily Ration for Fattening Cattle. 

Amount for 1000 lbs. Live Weight. 
Ration No. 1: Ration No. 4: 

17 lbs. Corn. * 2 lbs. Corn. 

4 lbs. Cotton-seed meal. 4 lbs. Cotton-seed meal. 

8 lbs. Cotton-seed hulls. H lbs. Cow-pea hay. 

15 lbs. Sorghum silage. Ration No. 5: 

Ration No. 2: I2 J^ Corn. 

., _ 4 lbs. Cotton-seed meal. 

14 k 5, w?\ k H lbs. Alfalfa hay. 

3 lbs. Wheat bran. . _, ~ _ T J 

3 lbs. Cotton-seed meal. Rat i°£ £ 

12 lbs. Sorghum hay. 6 ^ s ' Cotton-seed meal. 

& J 30 lbs. Cotton-seed hulls. 

Ration No. 3: Ration No. 7: 

18 lbs. Corn. 18 lbs. Corn. 

4 lbs. Cotton-seed meal. 4 lbs. Cotton-seed meal. 
12 lbs. Sorghum hay. 12 lbs. Cotton-seed hulls. 

Daily Ration for Growing Cattle. 

Amount for 1000 lbs. Live Weight. 
Ration No. 1 : Ration No. 3 : 

12 lbs. Corn. 12 lbs. Corn. 

2 lbs. Cotton-seed meal. 2 lbs. Cotton-seed meal. 

5 lbs. Wheat bran. 15 lbs. Corn silage. 
12 lbs. Cotton-seed hulls. 10 lbs. Cow-pea hay. 

Ration No. 2: Ration No. 4: 

14 lbs. Corn. 6 lbs. Corn. 

3 lbs. Cotton-seed meal. 2 lbs. Cotton-seed meal. 

4 lbs. Wheat Bran. 20 lbs. Corn silage. 

12 lbs. Sorghum hay. 12 lbs. Cow-pea or alfalfa hay. 

Ration No. 5: 

6 lbs. Cotton-seed meal. 
25 lbs. Cotton-seed hulls. 



44 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 





[ 


1 






:-^~-^Sm fc ; 




^fcass^'i 




i€r 





Chapter IV. 



Poultry Feeding 





46 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 




Poultry Feeding 



WHENEVER there is any attempt to raise more poultry than the 
family consumes, the feeding problem presents itself here just as in 
other farm live stock feeding. The same fundamental principles of 
nutrition obtain here as elsewhere — underfeeding, overfeeding, kinds of 
feeding stuffs, etc., etc. 

The following observation of "The Cornell Reading Courses, Vol. I, No. 
10," is worthy of mention here: 

"Quantity and Quality of Food. 
It will readily be conceded that if chicks are not given sufficient food to 
supply their bodily requirements, they cannot be expected to grow satisfactorily. 
It is equally true that the food may be abundant but of such a quality that it will 
not yield sufficient nourishment. For example, chicks fed on a ration consisting 
largely of bran or some other material containing a large proportion of indiges- 
tible fiber could not eat enough of the food to supply the needs of their bodies, 
although their crops might be constantly full. On the other hand, chicks fed 
chiefly on beef scrap or on sour milk curd would, in their efforts to fill their 

crops, get more food a hard shell, such as 

material than they I I millet. The digestive 

could possibly digest. H «T^I I organs of young 

In the first case the I _^P _ I cmc kens may not be 

chicks w ould he I l7a__^^ -Jk \ a ^ e t0 crusn this 

starved, and in the 1 ^^ f__ f^B 1 srie U' an ^ the chicks 

second they would be I W%, ' . J_ I ma y ^ us eat a large 

overfed. Chick foods I _M_| '■■■: | quantity of the 

sometimes contain a I *_^_i ^11 g rain while obtain- 

high percentage of mm ||i| ing little nourish- 

small seeds encased in ment from it. 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



47 




"Cracked and Ground Grains. 
Chicks appear to need both cracked and ground grain. 

"Animal Foods. 
Fowls seem to need animal food. In the natural state the chicks are reared 
at a season when the supply of insects and earthworms is abundant, and the 
mother hen exerts herself to procure this food for her brood. One flock, how- 
ever, was given the mash mixture and beef scrap, with no cracked grain. For 
this flock the quantity of beef scrap consumed was more at times than all the 
other food. Eighty-nine per cent, of these chicks died of digestive troubles 
before they were seven weeks old, probably because of their abnormal consump- 
tion of a highly concentrated food. 

A Good Ration for Chick Feeding. 
From the first day to the fourth, the following mixtures may be used. 

By Weight 

Rolled Oats 8 parts 

Bread Crumbs 8 parts 

Sifted Beef Scrap 2 parts 

Bone Meal I part 

Subsequent Feeding — The following mash 
moistened with skimmed milk should be substi- 
tuted gradually for the bread, rolled oats, and 
beef scrap: 

By Weight 

Wheat Bran 3 parts 

Corn Meal 3 parts 

Wheat Middlings 3 parts 

Sifted Beef Scrap 3 parts 

Bone Meal 1 part 




48 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 




The moist mash should be fed two or three times a day. Cracked grain 
should be given at least twice a day, scattered in light litter as soon as the chicks 
are able to find it. Mash in dry condition should be kept in a shallow tray 
before the chicks. Grit, charcoal, and fine cracked bone should be fed in separate 
trays or hoppers. When four weeks old the chicks should be receiving two meals 
of the mash and three of the grain. 

Beef scrap should always be carefully inspected before it is fed, in order to 
make sure that it is free from taint and from mustiness. Sifted beef scrap 
sometimes becomes musty in storage unless it is kept in a very dry place. In any 
case, beef scrap should never be supplied to chicks in sufficiently large quantities 
or under such conditions that it may possibly become musty before being 
consumed." 

The danger with beef scrap is that it is hard to get it in an undecom- 
posed condition. And if it is clean and undecomposed it is too valuable to 
feed to fowls. Cotton-seed meal, having a high per cent, of protein and ash 
can be substituted for the beef to great advantage. 




An open front chicken house. Chickens, like other farm live stock, do better when protected 
from the weather and fed with the food rich in protein and ash like cotton-seed meal. 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 
Importance of Protein and Ash in Poultry Feeding. 



49 



Circular 37, Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station, 
La Fayette, Indiana, thus speaks of the importance of protein in a chicken 

ration : 




"When quick growth is desired, 
a ration made up wholly of grain 
will be found to be deficient. To 
overcome this deficiency, some 
feed containing more protein or 
that which will make flesh, 
feathers, blood, etc., is necessary." 





The following statements taken from the West Virginia University Ag- 
ricultural Experiment Station, Morgantown, W. Va., show how important it 
is to have plenty of ash as well as protein in a ration for chickens, and that a 
vegetable protein is just as valuable as animal protein for chickens. Cot- 
ton-seed meal has five times as much protein and ash as corn and therefore is 
not deficient in these important constituents as are the grains and not subject 
to the objections raised against grains: 

"As compared with the composition of an egg, most of the grains commonly 
employed as poultry foods are too low in protein and ash. 

"In feeding for egg production it is necessary not only to have the propor- 
tion of protein to carbohydrates approximately correct, but it is also essential 
to have the ash constituents of the ration sufficient in amount. There is nearly 
eight times as much ash in the dry substance of an egg as there is in corn or 
wheat, and this deficiency must be made good in some way. 



50 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



"Animal Versus Vegetable Protein. 

"Most of the earlier experiments performed to study the relative value of 
protein from animal and vegetable sources seemed to show that the protein of 
animal origin is more valuable than vegetable protein for growth and egg pro- 
duction, but it has been found that the apparent superiority of animal protein is 
due partly, if not entirely, to the fact that it is usually associated with a larger 
percentage of ash in the ration. As soon as the difference in ash content is over- 
come then protein from the two sources seems to have practically the same value. 
Professor Wheeler, of the Geneva Station, in speaking of his investigation, says: 
'The experiments all point in one direction: toward the superiority of rations 
containing animal food over those made up of grain. In no case has the reverse 
of this proven true, and in nearly all the trials the difference has been most 
noticeable. When the lack of mineral matter in all grain ration, as compared 
with one containing animal meal, is supplied by bone ash, the difference disappears 
or favors the grain ration, so far as chicks and laying hens are concerned. That 
is, it is the small amount of ash in the grain ration which makes this ration 
inferior to one containing animal meal, rather than a difference in the protein. 
Something to supplement the ash-poor grains they must have, and it is simpler 
to give it in the natural form, combined with valuable proteins and fats, than 
to burn out the organic matter and give the ash only.' ' : 




White Indian Runner ducks owned by W. J. Mitchell, Denton, Texas. 
Cotton-seed meal forms a part of the daily ration of these ducks. 



Cotton-seed meal, containing as it does five times as much protein and 
ash as corn meal, added to a grain ration for chickens overcomes the defi- 
ciency of these feeding stuffs in ash and protein, and, as above quoted, is a 
superior ration to the one containing beef scraps. Beef scraps are rich in pro- 
tein, but contain less ash than cotton-seed meal. If the ash of cotton-seed 
meal is so available as it is in "Creepy" cattle, it ought to be all the more so 
with fowls, for it is a well established fact that "The animal with a giz- 
zard" can utilize mineral matter in form of mineral salts to a much greater 
extent than other animals can. 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



51 




White Indian Runner ducks owned by W. J. Mitchell, Denton, Texas. 

Cotton-seed meal forms a part of the daily rations 

of these ducks. 



"W. J. MITCHELL 

Breeder of 
WHITE INDIAN RUNNER DUCKS 

Denton, Texas, Jan. 2Q, IQ13. 

Mr. J. S. Abbott, 

Austin, Texas. 
Dear Sir: 

Answering your recent inquiry regarding the food ration I use in feeding 
my white Indian Runner ducks I beg to say that when my ducks are old enough 
to eat mixed feed their ration, among other things, is composed of 10% cotton- 
seed meal. Cotton-seed meal contains the essential property of meat, viz., protein, 
and is very much more economical than meat. Foivls fattened by it find a ready 
market because their meat is sweet and tender, and of a very rich color. I feed 
it also to laying fowls, because it is a great egg producer, and the eggs have a 
fine flavor and color. 

Very respectfully yours, 

W. J. Mitchell^ 



"I have never had any trouble getting enthused 
over a proposition when I knew absolutely that I 
was right and when I tell a man that cotton-seed 
meal is the best feed on earth I know I am right. 

Cotton-seed meal has been fed to everything 
from a man to a chicken in this vicinity and it has 
scored every time. It is growing more popular each 
season. 

We can't help but feel that we have done a 
man a favor when ice sell him meal and hulls and 
ice like to see them being hauled out whether they 
come from our mill or not." — R. S. Davitte, 
Dublin, Texas. 




52 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 




"Regarding cotton-seed meal for fowls must say that it beats anything I 
have ever used. My son had a hen which hatched chickens in the blacksmith 
shop here at the mill on Thanksgiving day, November 28, iqii ; in middle of 
February they were as large as their mother. They are of the Plymouth Rock 
variety, which is a large variety of chickens and several of these young chickens 
commenced to lay the latter part of February. Out of the 11 young chickens nine 
are hens and all are laying now. 

"This is something remarkable. These chickens are fed half cotton-seed 
meal and half corn chops, mixed together and dampened so they can pick it up 
better. During the day they run about the mill and in the mill and help them- 
selves to meal at the cake mill and to the meal room, so I cannot state how much 
meal they do eat during the day outside of the meal and corn chops fed them 
morning and evening. 

Most of our farmers feed meal to their chickens and as the dairy business 
is quite an item here, nearly all farmers sell cream and raise chickens. The 
chickens feed in the feed troughs with the cows and those are the best layers 
and best plumaged fowls. 

Schulenberg ships over 52 straight cars of eggs annually, besides all the 
express shipments on four daily trains run up in the thousands of cases annually. 
They usually load goo to 1200 cases of eggs to a car, so you can see that the 
chicken and egg business is quite an item here. Besides, they are shipping chickens 
to market daily. Chickens are sold by weight and cotton-seed meal fed with 
corn chops or other feed will soon double the weight of the chickens in a feiv 
weeks." — G. A. Baumgarten in "Farm and Ranch." 




MRS. JAMERSON'S TURKEYS. 
The above is a picture of Mrs. Albert Jamerson, Route 2, Iredell, with her 

turkeys, which she feeds regularly on cotton-seed meal. 
Mrs. Jamerson advises us that since she has adopted this feed for her 

turkeys and chickens, they have been much healthier, producing more 

eggs and better disposed fowls, than from any feed she has ever used 

heretofore. 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



53 




"We have had experiments at this station with the feeding of cotton-seed 
meal to chicks. The impressions which we have obtained from such experiments, 
the results of which are not yet completely written up, are that the protein in 
cotton-seed meal is practically as efficient as that in meat meal, although cotton- 
seed meal will not he consumed in such large quantities by the chicks. When 
the chicks, however, are limited to the same amount of protein in the two con- 
centrates mentioned above, they will make about as good use of one as of the 
other. We have never found any evidence that cotton-seed meal was toxic to 
chickens in such amounts as they could be induced to eat along with low-protein 
accompanying feeds." — Burt L. Hartwell, Ph. D., Director and Chemist, 
Agricultural Experiment Station, Kingston, R. I. 

"Dublin, Texas, Jan. ij, IQ13. 
To Whom This Concerns: 

For a number of years I have kept a small flock of hens, usually about fifty, 
on a small town lot. 

About two years ago, I began to experiment with cotton-seed meal as a 
poultry food. My experiment convinced me that it is a fine feed for chickens. 

During the past year I have kept a dry mash, thoroughly mixed, before 
my hens at all times. This ?nash teas composed of : 

2 parts, by measure Cotton-Seed Meal 

2 parts, by measure Wheat Bran 

1 part, by measure Corn Meal 

1 part, by measure Choice Beef Scraps 

I part, by measure Shipstuff 

1 part, by measure Alfalfa Meal 

This alone with a little scratch feed, in litter night and morning, has 
kept them in perfect health, and the egg yield has averaged about fifty per cent, 
of the total number of hens. 

I am sure that the cotton-seed meal has increased the egg yield wonderfully 
in my flock." — J. W. Dunlap, Supt. Public Schools. 

"As an egg producer, and to force the groivth of young chickens, cotton- 
seed meal has no equal. In less than 10 days after beginning to feed cotton-seed 
meal to my 20 chickens I was getting from Q to 14 eggs a day. I can recommend 
cotton-seed meal to anyone who appreciates yard eggs and fine, fat chickens." — 
O. W. Flynn, Dublin, Texas, February 18, 1913. 



54 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 




Rations for Chicken Feeding. 

Successful ration used by G. A. Baumgarten in "Farm and Ranch": 

By Weight 

Cotton-seed meal i part 

Corn chops i part 

Moistened with water so it could be picked up well by chickens. 

Rations for Fowls. 

The chick should not be fed during the first 36 to 48 hours after it is 
hatched. 

From the second to fifth day, the following mixture may be used, since 
cotton-seed meal is just as valuable as beef scrap: 

By Weight 

Rolled oats 8 parts 

Corn-bread crumbs 8 parts 

Cotton-seed meal 2 parts 

Bone meal 1 part 

This mash should be fed dry or only slightly moistened, preferably with 
skim milk. If rolled oats are not available the following mash ration may 
be used: 

By Weight 

Corn-bread crumbs 8 parts 

Hard-boiled eggs 4 parts 

Cotton-seed meal 2 parts 

Bone meal 1 part 

From the fifth day on the following mash may be fed : 

By Weight 

Wheat bran 3 parts 

Corn meal 3 parts 

Wheat middlings 3 parts 

Cotton-seed meal '. 3 parts 

Bone meal 1 part 

This mash slightly moistened, preferably with skim milk, should be fed 
two or three times a day. 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 55 

Where wheat middlings are not available the following mash may be 

used: 

By Weight 

Cotton-seed meal 2 parts 

Corn meal 2 parts 

Wheat bran 2 parts 

Bone meal 1 part 

But because cotton-seed meal has twice as much mineral matter as beef 
scraps, the bone meal need not be used at all. 

In addition to the above mixtures, cracked grain should be fed to fowls 
of all kinds, and should be thrown out into the litter so they will have to 
scratch for it. 

The mash should be put in a box so it cannot be wasted. 

Fowls need green feed which they can usually get in abundance. 




SPRING LAKE PLANTATION. 
Where every living thing eats cotton-seed products. 



56 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 





Chapter V. 



The Hog 




SPRING LAKE PLANTATION BERKSHIRES. 



58 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 




The Hog 

THE swine — Sus Scrofa — can be traced back 
to the highest antiquity. Its remains are 
found during the Pliocene Age, and he is 
contemporaneous to man at all periods. The 
crude drawings found in Brittany and other 
places picture the swine with the elk, the cavern 
bear, and the mammoth. During the Bronze 
Age, in Britain and in the northern part of 
France, the bones of hogs have been found in the 
graves of man, representing the part of the 
provender for the journey into the lower world, 
thus showing that even at this distant date and 
primitive condition, the hog was used as food 
for man. Egyptian, Aryan, Chaldean and 
Jewish civilization relate continually in their law books to the hog as a com- 
panion to and a means of food for man. Jewish laws, followed later by the 
Mahomedan regulations, speak of the use and danger of hog meat, and Moses, 
this wonderful leader of man, uses religion and the fear of an unknown deity 
as a means of impressing the rudiments of hygiene upon his ignorant 
followers. 

Anatomically speaking, the hog has been intended by nature for a semi- 
aquatic condition. The soft snout, the powerful head, the lean body, the 
heavy tusks, everything in its make-up, indicates the rooting habit. In its 
free and natural condition, like most pachyderm, its chief food must have 
been the roots and tubers of the swampy regions of the old and new world. 
The struggle for existence, under probably adverse and difficult circum- 
stances, has made the hog an eminently omnivorous animal. Our domesti- 
cated hogs have inherited the tendency to select their food from a variety 
of substances. Again, amongst natural conditions, the hunt for food with its 
enforced activity, did not allow any undue accumulation of fat, and the hog 
in its free state, or semi-domesticated condition, became the lean razor-back 
or the peccary of our Southwestern plains. First, a game animal, dweller of 
the forest, an easy victim to the crude weapons of man, the hog seems to have 
played an important role in his early economy. 

For a long period, man derived the necessary fats for his daily use from 
the fruit of his hunt or from his domesticated animals. Bear, deer and other 
game, in his pre-civilized condition, sheep and oxen, in his nomadic condition, 
supply these necessities of life. From a hunter, man becomes a herder, and 
from a herder a tiller of the soil ; he becomes sedentary, tied to this soil that 
furnishes him his living and surrounds himself with domesticated animals — 
dogs, cattle, sheep and amongst them, the swine. 

Easily tamed, easily fed, fecund even in confinement, the hog has been 
domesticated by man from the earliest time; omnivorous, easily kept, gentle 
to a certain extent, feeding on any kind of refuse, the hog prospers in the 
midst of dirt and neglect. His name becomes synonymous with anything 
vile and filthy. 

Being a non-perspiring animal from hereditary necessity, he seeks dur- 
ing the hot summer months to cool his body in water, and wallows in this 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



59 



mud that surrounds the habitation of man — as clean, or as dirty, as man 
himself. 

With increased civilization, the settlement builds itself to villages, the 
villages to towns, the towns to cities, the demand for easily obtained food in- 
creases a hundred fold, and man, through breeding, modifies the original 
type of his modest and calumnied follower. 

There is a wide step between the lean wild boar of the Northern 
forest and the fat, abnormal, five hundred pound Berkshire or Poland China. 

Man's selection interferes with nature's selection and while still one of 
the hardiest farm animals, the high bred hog of today has lost part of its 
original vitality. 

Still, if years of domestication have modified the external appearance of 
the hog, his anatomical and physiological traits have been but little altered. 

The study of his anatomy, and the conformation of his stomach, liver 
and bow T els, added to what we know from the history of the hog, shows that 
nature intended for him to feed upon roots, tubers, water grasses, etc., ob- 
taining per necessity, a large percentage of inert matter in the natural gath- 
ering of his food. 

The hog is still the most economical producer of flesh or fat of all our 
farm animals. 

He can utilize a wider variety of cheap food than any other domestic 
animal and still man seems to have entirely forgotten to take into considera- 
tion these conditions which are natural to the hog. 

Again, the hog, made by nature a brother of the hippopotamus, needs 
water, plenty of it, both for drinking and bathing purposes. As said before, 
anatomically speaking, he cannot perspire and must find in water the neces- 
sary moisture to lower the temperature of his body. The same condition 
made him, in his natural state, hunt the water of the lakes and rivers, and the 
shade of the primeval forest. 

Much could be learned and many mistakes spared, if the modern feeder 
could understand for what purpose this animal has been physiologically and 
anatomically intended. 

Is it a wonder that with an unnatural food, unnaturally given in tre- 
mendous quantity, unnaturally bred for human purposes, in contradiction 
with nature's laws, the hogs of some of our experimental stations, within 
their six square feet pens, without any protection from the glaring sun, 
without anv water, outside of what is strictly necessary for drinking purposes, 
should suffer and often die without any plausible explanation? 




Registered Hampshire Hogs at Spring 
Lake Plantation, Louisiana. 

"They eat no corn ; cotton-seed meal 
and hulls and Bermuda grass make 
an ideal hog ration, and will make 
the South the great hog-producing 
country of the world. 

Jo W. Allison." 



60 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



Hog Rations. 
The Westbrook Method. 

T. C. Westbrook, Waco, Texas, who is a breeder of Duroc-Jersey hogs, 
feeds growing hogs equal parts of corn and cotton-seed meal, but separately. 
The cotton-seed meal is made into a thin slop, and fed fresh or fermented. 
The amount fed varies from one-half to two pounds of cotton-seed meal, and 
an equal amount of corn per ioo pounds of hog weight, depending upon the 
grazing and upon whether the hog is growing or fattening. 

The amount of digestible nutrients in ioo pounds of this ration is as 
follows: 

Hog Ration. 

Digestible 

Feeds Protein Carbohydrates Fat 

ioo lb corn 7-i ^ 62.6 lb 2.3 lb 

100 lb cotton-seed meal 37-0 lb 17.0 lb 12.0 tb 

Total in 200 lb mixture 44- 1 1° 79-6 lb 14.3 lb 

The ratio of the protein to the other food constituents is too great unless 
the hogs have plenty of grazing as they have on the Westbrook farm. 

Rice polish may be substituted for corn when the scarcity or cost of corn 
makes it profitable to do so, and then the following ration is made by Mr. 
Westbrook: 

Hog Ration. 

Digestible Nutrients 
Feeds Protein Carbohydrates Fat 

% % % 

IOO lb cotton-seed meal 37.0 17.0 12.0 

100 lb rice polish 7-3 °4-4 4-3 

On the Westbrook farms, the hogs eat much or little of the above ration, 
according to whether they are young or in the fattening pens, and according 
to the amount of grass and other feeds available. 



A DUROC-JERSEY HOG. 

According to Farmers' 
Bulletin No. 411, U. S. De- 
partment of Agriculture, the 
Duroc-Jersey is exceedingly 
well adapted to the South. 
It is a prolific breed, good 
milkers and mothers, the 
best grazers and strong and 
active. 

Mr. Westbrook feeds his 
hogs a mixture of cotton- 
seed meal and corn, or a 
mixture of cotton-seed meal 
and rice polish in addition 
to the grazing that they 
have. They are furnished 
an abundance of shade and 
water, hence he does not 
have any losses. 




FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



61 




If grazing is poor, or lacking entirely, the following ration should be 
adopted: 

By weight 

Corn, cotton-seed hulls, rice polish, wheat bran, or shorts 2 parts 

Cotton-seed meal / part 

The Allison Method of Feeding Cotton-Seed Meal to Hogs. 

Make a mixture by weight, about one-third cotton-seed meal, one-third 
cotton-seed hulls and one-third rice bran, corn chops, whole corn, wheat bran 
or shorts, whichever is most available. Mix with water to a thick mush in 
two vessels (an old barrel sawed in two is good) and leave to sour or fer- 
ment, which will take from 12 to 48 hours, according to weather and other 
conditions ; then feed from these alternately, using the contents of one, while 
that of the other is left to sour. 

A good growing ration may be based on one pound of dry mixture per 
hundred pound of live weight. For quick fattening this may be doubled, 
quadrupled or even more largely increased. Indeed, the Texas Experiment 
Station fed as much as seven pounds of cotton-seed meal per day to hundred 
and fifty pound hogs, though this is extreme and uneconomical, if not posi- 
tively dangerous. 

When ready to feed, add fresh water to the feeding ration sufficient to 
bring to a thin slop, about the consistency of buttermilk and give the hogs 
all they will clean up. 

All hogs eat it greedily and all thrive on it from the lordly head of the 



62 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



herd to the tiniest grunter. But for "piggy" or suckling sows it is especially 
valuable, giving to the pigs both before and after farrowing a growth and 
vigor attainable with no other feed on earth. 

In an experience of over thirty-five years I have never seen a hog refuse 
to eat it, or injured by it. Indeed, it is not only the best and cheapest feed on 
earth, but is an efficient prophylactic, and hogs fed on it seem entirely im- 
mune to any of the common ills that hogs are heir to. 

As to the feeding value of cotton-seed meal compared with corn, chem- 
ical analysis, confirmed by years of practical tests, answers this. A hundred 
pounds of corn contains from six to ten pounds of protein, four to six pounds 
of fat and about sixty-five to seventy pounds of carbohydrates. 

A hundred pounds of cotton-seed meal contains from forty-five to fifty 
pounds of protein, from eight to twelve pounds of fat and about twenty-five 
pounds of carbohydrates. 



Daily Ration for Fattening Hogs. 
Amount for ioo lbs. Live Weight. 



Ration No. i : 

i lb. Corn, rice polish, or wheat bran. 
i lb. Cotton-seed meal, 
i lb. Cotton-seed hulls, alfalfa meal, 
cow-pea meal, or wheat shorts. 



Ration No. 2 : 

2 lbs. Corn, rice polish, or wheat bran. 

z/4 lb. Cotton-seed meal. 

2 lbs. Alfalfa meal or cow-pea meal. 



Daily Ration for Growing Pigs. 
Amount for 100 lbs. Live Weight. 



Ration No. 1: 

iY 2 lbs. Wheat shorts, rice polish, corn 
meal, or wheat bran. 
1 lb. Cotton-seed meal. 
8 lbs. Skim milk. 

Ration No. 2: 

3 lbs. Corn. 

1 lb. Wheat shorts. 

8 lbs. Skim milk. 

Ration No. 3: 

3 lbs. Rice Polish. 
1 lb. Wheat shorts. 
6 lbs. Skim milk. 



Ration No. 4: 
2y 2 lbs. Corn. 
lYz lbs. Cow-pea meal. 

Ration No. 5: 
ZV2 lbs. Corn. 
Yi. lb. Wheat bran. 
y z lb. Tankage. 

Ration No. 6: 
4 lbs. Corn. 
16 lbs. Skim milk. 

Ration No. 7: 
1^2 lbs. Corn. 
2^4 lbs. Shorts. 
1 lb. Alfalfa hay. 




THE POLAND CHINA HOG. 



THE BERKSHIRE HOG. 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



63 




Successful ration used by Jo W. Allison, Dallas, Texas: 

By weight 

Cotton-seed meal i part 

Corn or corn chops 2 parts 

Successful ration used by J. N. Millner, Streetman, Texas: 

Cotton-seed meal 1 gallon 

Wheat bran 5 gallons 

Salt 1 handful 

Put into a barrel and enough water 
added to make a thin slop. 

A little corn was fed dry, and hogs 
allowed to run on pasture. 



"Now it is easy to see from the figures already given that corn is seriously 
deficient in protein, is not properly balanced and is an expensive and insufficient 
ration uhen fed alone; that cotton-seed meal in protein and fat combined is about 
five times, and in protein alone is about six times as valuable as corn, and while 
too rich in protein to be fed by itself, when combined with corn in the proportion 
of about two parts corn and one part cotton-seed meal, gives a ration which with 
ordinary grazing almost exactly fulfills the scientific requirements for a balanced 
hog feed, and of which the committee appointed by the Texas Sivine Breeders' 
Association to report upon the feeding of cotton-seed meal, after a thorough in- 
vestigation, say in their formal report, 'IS THE MOST ECONOMICAL 
RATION OF WHICH WE HAVE ANY RECORD.' When it is remem- 
bered that this is the solemn and deliberate verdict of a committee of expert and 
scientific sivine breeders and feeders these words ring with importance to the 
whole South. For they mean that in cotton-seed meal, supplemented by her 
unquestionable climatic advantages and cheaper lands, the South can produce 
cheaper pork than the great corn belt of the Northwest, and this can but mean 
the ultimate transfer of the hog-producing center of the country from the North- 
ices t to the South, and an added wealth and prosperity to our ichole country."- — 

Jo W. Allison, Dallas, Texas. 



64 FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 

Streetman, Texas, Dec. ioth. 
"Editor Cotton and Cotton Oil News, 

I am a breeder of the Duroc-Jersey hog, and have been so engaged for twelve 
years, having on hand at all times from thirty-five to seventy-five head — a few 
years as many as 100 head. 

I sold one hog in October this year, weight 595 pounds, that brought me 
$47.60, and he ate many pounds of cotton-seed meal. Last year I bought thirty-two 
half-breed Duroc shoats, sorry, long-haired, poor, slap-sided, sharp-nosed swine. I 
bought one thousand pounds of cotton-seed meal, one thousand pounds of wheat 
bran; I had corn. Those sorry shoats weighed from 25 to 50 pounds. I began to 
feed them in long troughs. I put in a barrel one gallon of cotton-seed meal to 
two ten-quart buckets of bran; put in enough water to make a moderately thin 
slop — just thick enough to pour out of a bucket easily. To each barrel of this 
meal and bran slop I put a handful of salt (once a day), and fed some corn dry. 
I watched the shoats every day, gave them the run of green pasture, oats and 
rye. When that was eaten up I fed green sorghum, increased the cotton-seed 
meal until the shoats' bowels were lax, then reduced the ration till actions became 
firm, then again gradually increased quantity of meal and bran until I was feeding 
one-third by measure of meal to tivo-thirds bran. They fattened and brought 
me big money because they were fed on cotton-seed meal, corn and bran. 

Yours truly, 

J. N. Milner." 

"P. S. — / will add that I feed cotton-seed meal with bran to suckling sows 
and to little pigs. I think there is nothing better for them. 

J. N. M." 

'"As will be seen later, cotton-seed meal has at least one valuable and safe 
place in our pork-making operations — a place where it can be fed in large amounts. 
It can, and should, be used along with corn in a short dry-lot finishing period after 
the pasture and grazing crops are exhausted. Corn is excellent for finishing up 
an animal when he is taken off of green crops, but corn with cotton-seed meal is 
still better, because, first, the gains are made more economically when the two 
feeds are used together; and, second, the meat and the lard of the animal are 
hardened more rapidly than when corn is used alone." — Farmers' Bui. 411, U. S. 
Department of Agriculture, igio. Feeding Hogs in the South. 

"Rough red rice in a mixed ration of cotton-seed meal and hulls gave better 
daily gains than a straight meal and hull ration, but not cheaper. 

It is apparent that none of the feeds used, at the price paid, can economically 
take the place of cotton-seed meal and hulls for fattening steers. 

Cold pressed cotton-seed cake and Johnson grass hay gave higher daily gains 
than cotton-seed meal and hulls, but at a much greater cost. 

Ground rough red rice fed with cotton-seed meal is an economical ration for 
fattening hogs. 

At no time during the experiment were there any injurious effects from the 
feeding of cotton-seed meal." — Bui. 135, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, 
Ft. Worth, Texas. Feeding Experiments with Steers and Hogs. 




FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



65 




Rations for Fattening Swine 

"Dublin, Texas, Feb. 17, 1913. 
Mr. Devite, 

Dublin, Texas. 
Dear Sir: 

I have given cotton-seed meal a thorough test and find the results good. 
I have been feeding it to hogs for three years. I fed 450 head — five cars — of 
hogs in Oklahoma, and I topped the Ft. Worth market with two cars out of 
the five. I fed cotton-seed meal every day, commencing with Y\ pound per 
day a head and increasing until I had them on 2]/ 2 pounds a day. I let the 
meal ferment from 12 to 24 hours according to the weather. I swilled them 
twice a day and gave them some corn. My neighbor fed corn straight; my 
hogs gained faster and finished out better and were fattened forty per cent, 
cheaper than his were. I lay my success to cotton-seed meal. 

Since then, I have gone to raising hogs on my farm near Dublin. I have 
some of the highest bred hogs — Duroc — in the United States. I feed them 
cotton-seed meal twice a day and let them graze on oats or barley, also sorghum, 
and they do fine. I feed to all ages and don't have any bad results. I think it 
is the best feed for growing and fattening hogs in this country. There is no 
better feed for suckling sows. Cotton-seed meal mixed with wheat bran is the 
best feed for pigs I have ever tried. Last year, when feed was high, I fattened 
my hogs on seventy-five per cent, cotton-seed meal and twenty-five per cent, bran; 
the meat was sweeter and better than meat fattened on corn straight, and fifty 
per cent, cheaper. When people learn not to fear to feed cotton-seed meal, this 
country will be a pork selling country, instead of being a pork buying country. 
What I have done and am doing, others can do and will do. 

Respectfully, 

W . F. Warren. 

p.S. — / am sending you a photograph of sixteen hogs zveighing 200 lbs., 7]/ 2 
months old, raised on cotton-seed meal. 




66 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



Corn alone, at prices approximating those that now prevail, is not a profitable 
ration to use in pork production. 

Feeds richer in PROTEIN and MINERAL CONSTITUENTS should 
be supplied to supplement corn in a way to provide for the growth of muscle and 
bone as well as for the production of fat." — Bui. 20Q, Ohio Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station, Wooster, Ohio. 

"Practical experience has been supplemented by carefully conducted experi- 
ments, both in the United States and Europe, with cotton-seed, cotton-seed hulls, 
and cotton-seed meal as food for cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, and mules, with the 
result of demonstrating their high feeding value for all kinds of farm stock, with 
the possible exception of calves and pigs. 

The high feeding value of whole cotton-seed has long been recognized, having 
been fed raw, roasted, steamed, or boiled to live stock, especially to cattle. Almost 
from the beginning of cotton culture in this country it has been used to some 
extent as a feeding stuff, but since the introduction of the cotton-oil industry the 
superior feeding quality of the by-product — cotton-seed meal — has led to a very 
general displacement of whole seed by the meal in localities where the latter is 
easily and cheaply obtained." — Farmers' Bui. No. j6, U. S. Department of Agri- 
culture, i8q6. Cottonseed and Its Products. 




A GOOD TYPE OF THE TAMWORTH BOAR. 

This is the ideal bacon type of hog. It is bred on a large scale by Ed. C. 
Lasater, Falfurrias, Texas, and according to his opinion is the proper 
type of hog for a hot climate, as it produces a fine quality of bacon 
and very little fat. Cotton-Seed oil is taking the place of hog lard, 
making it unnecessary to raise the fat producing types of hogs, 
especially in hot climates where it is difficult to raise them on 
account of the heat. 

Mr. Lasater has plenty of buttermilk and ensilage which makes a good 
feeding ration for his young hogs. When he gets ready to fatten 
them he adds to this ration one pound of cotton-seed meal for each 
hog per day. 

"Dublin, Texas, Feb. 7, IQ13. 
Dublin Oil Mills, 

Dublin, Texas. 
Gentlemen: 

I have fed cotton-seed meal to my hogs and find it to be a great feed for 
them. I find that they grow faster, and fatten more quickly, and at a much less 
cost, than where they are fed entirely on corn or chops. It is also an excellent 
feed for horses and mules, giving them new life, and keeping them in a thrifty 
hearty condition generally. 

Yours truly, 

G. Howell." 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 67 

"Giddings, Texas, 2/27/13. 
Mr. C. M. Merchant, Mgr., 

Lee County Cotton Oil Co., 
City. 
Dear Sir : 

Referring to our conversation relative to feeding hogs on cotton-seed meal, 
below I give you some figures which I have kept for your information, as follows: 
I bought 5 sows at $g.oo each, $45.00; these sows brought JO pigs, and I 
fed them as folloivs: 

For go days the 30 pigs and 5 sows were fed — 
720 lbs. Cottonseed meal, 
720 " Rice Polish, 
an average per day of 8 lbs. meal and 8 lbs. rice polish. 

For 30 days the 30 pigs and 5 sows ate — 

600 lbs. Cotton-seed meal, 
600 " Rice Polish, 
an average of 20 lbs. per day. 

The cost of feed for 120 days was as below: 

1320 lb Cotton-seed meal at $27 per ton $18.09 

1320 tb Rice polish at $27 per ton 18.00 

Total cost of feed $36.18 

At the age of 4 months these pigs were sold, also the sows, at the following 
prices : 

30 pigs average 72 lb each @ $6.50 per cwt $140.40 

5 sows, average 250 Tb each @ $7.75 per cwt 96.85 

Total $241.25 

Cost of sows $45.00 

Cost of feed 36.18 

$81.18 81.18 

Difference $160.07 

The difference of $160.07 is left for interest on my investment and my labor 
for 4 months. 

The sows had no range nor the pigs either, and not even slop from the 
kitchen. The feed as I use it is made into a swill and stands for 24 hours, using 
the meal and rice in equal parts with $ times as much water added. 
Trusting these figures will be of interest to you, I am 

Yours truly, 

W. T. Heck." 

"Waco, Texas, Feb. 17, IQ13. 
Mr. J. S. Abbott, 

Austin, Texas, 
Dear Sir: 

I feed my hogs from % to 1 lb. of meal per day with other feed. Horses 
and mules from two to three pounds per day with some grain and plenty of hay. 
I find my mules do much better work and their general health greatly improves. 
It will check cough caused from musty feed. I always soak my corn that is fed 
in connection with cotton-seed meal and sprinkle the meal over corn. 
With best wishes, 

Yours truly, 

T. C. Westbrook." 



68 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



I 



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Berkshire hogs, property of Jo W. Allison, Spring Lake Plantation, La. 
Fed cotton-seed meal and hulls continuously. 



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- 



A nice bunch of Duroc-Jersey hogs owned by T. C. Westbrook, Waco, 
Texas. These hogs are fattened upon equal parts of cotton-seed 
meal and corn, or cotton-seed meal and rice polish. While they are 
young and in a growing condition they graze on the river bank, the 
ditch banks and roadways that are fenced off for this purpose from 
the farms. 




The Brazos River, the eastern boundary of a 2,000-acre farm owned by 
T. C. Westbrook, Waco, Texas. Mr. Westbrook feeds his Duroc- 
Jersey hogs cotton-seed meal and corn, or cotton-seed meal and rice 
polish. These hogs are permitted to graze along the banks of this 
river where they get plenty of water. A hog does not sweat (per- 
spire), hence, if he does not have plenty of water to wallow in in the 
summer time he will probably die of heat and bis death may be 
erroneously attributed to his feeding ration. 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



69 




A pen of cattle being fattened upon a ration of cotton-seed meal and hulls In the picture will 
P be seen many hogs fattening upon the waste from the cow troughs. 




THE LARGE YORKSHIRE HOG. 

The Yorkshire is an early maturing 
breed, rapid growers, and good 
grazers. Fed cotton-seed meal and 
hulls since farrowing. Property 
of Jo W. Allison, Spring Lake 
Plantation, Claiborne Parish, La. 



A nice bunch of Duroc-Jersey hogs 
owned by T. C. Westbrook, Waco, 
Texas. These hogs are fattened 
upon equal parts of cotton-seed 
meal and corn, or cotton-seed meal 
and rice polish. While they are 
young and in a growing condition 
they graze on the river bank, the 
ditch banks and roadways that are 
fenced off for that purpose from the 
farms. 




70 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 




Chapter VI. 



Mules, Horses and Oxen 





Saddle bred stallion Gordon Chief, by Montgomery Chief, 
4 years old. Has been fed almost exclusively on cotton- 
seed meal and hulls since foaling. Property of Mr. Jo 
W. Allison, Spring Lake Plantation, Claiborne Parish, 
Louisiana. 




72 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



"John V. Blake, 
Physician-surgeon. 

Floresville, Texas, Feb. 20, 1913. 

Dr. J. S. Abbott, 

Austin, Texas. 
Dear Dr. : 

In reply to yours of the 17th inst. will say that I have had a little experience 
in feeding cotton-seed meal to horses. I do so but am afraid that my experience 
will not be of much benefit to you. I have found that it is best fed to stock 
of any kind with other feed, and horses do extremely well on it if they are not 
given too big a ration at one time — it is always best to begin with a very small 
quantity and increase the amount until the proper amount is reached for each 
feeding, and twice each day is as often as I have ever fed mine. A horse that 
will eat the meal is almost sure to stay in a fine condition — the only trouble I 
have is preventing them from getting entirely too fat — the meal also keeps the 
hair fine and sleek and I have never seen any untoward symptoms from the use 
of the meal in my own stock and I have been feeding it for quite a number of 
years, not only to my horses but cows and hogs. I began feeding it to hogs in 
the fall of 1894 and I never saw a prettier bunch of hogs anywhere nor any that 
fattened as quickly as these did. I never feed it to hogs alone but mix it with 
corn chops ground very coarse and have the mixture thoroughly well moistened 
before allowing the hogs to begin eating, and wher.e one is prepared to cook this 
mixture the hogs do much better than when fed in the raw state. Since the 
fall of 1894, when I began feeding cotton-seed meal, I have never lost an animal 
nor had one made sick from eating it. I never hesitate to feed it when I want 
to fatten an animal be it horse, coiu or hog. I regret that I had not the time 
to procure a picture of my horses to send you but Mr. Murray can tell you that 
I keep a team in good condition and drive them as much as 12 miles an hour over 
our rough country roads. 

Kindly let me know whenever I can be of any assistance to you in any way. 

Yours fraternally, 

John V. Blake." 




Standard bred mares and their foals. Fed exclusively both before and after 
foaling on cotton-seed meal and hulls. Property of Jo W. Allison, 
Spring Lake Plantation, Claiborne Parish, Louisiana. 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



73 




Additional Testimony. 

At- a meeting of the South Carolina Live Stock Association held at 
Columbia, S. C, February 8th and 9th, an address full of practical advice, 
backed by scientific knowledge was delivered by the eminent Dr. Tait But- 
ler, of Raleigh, N. C, on "Practical Stock Feeding in the South." Dr. Butler 
is a recognized authority on feeds and feeding and what he says should have 
a special weight and influence throughout the entire South, and that part of 
his discussion touching the feeding of horses, mules and colts is of special 
importance to the Southern breeder. 

"Dr. Butler: There is enough known about feeding horses cotton-seed meal 
for me to state that if you had a horse that you are feeding 14 pounds of corn 
daily, that you could take out four pounds of that corn and put in two pounds 
of cotton-seed meal and get better results. Not because corn is not the best feed 
we have for supplying heat and energy, but there is another thing needed. When 
that horse supplies you muscular energy he is burning up his muscles just as you 
burn coal in a furnace to supply energy to run the machinery in your factories, 
and he has got to have something to build up those wasted muscles, and corn 
does not contain it in sufficient quantity. A little cotton-seed meal is better 
than an additional amount of corn. When you are already feeding your horse 
» stover and ten pounds of corn, / would rather have two pounds of cotton-seed 

meal added than four pounds of corn. I would rather have two pounds of 
cotton-seed meal added than four pounds of oats. Corn is a splendid horse feed, 
but we are wasting two million dollars a year in South Carolina feeding an all- 
corn ration." 



A few of Mr. Westbrook's 
work teams going back 
to the cotton patch 
after a dinner of cotton- 
seed meal and corn. 
Mr. Westbrook feeds 
what he produces. 




74 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



Choctaw Cotton Oil Company, "Shawnee, Oklahoma, Feb. W, 1913. 

Shawnee, Okla. 
Gentlemen : 

We take pleasure in adding our testimonial to the value of cotton-seed 
meal and hulls as a horse and mule feed. We handle 1000 to 1500 head of mules 
each year and as you know, cotton-seed meal and hulls forms part of the daily 
ration of feed to our animals. We do not believe there is a more healthful food 
known today for horses and mules than cotton-seed meal. During the time we 
have fed cotton-seed meal and hulls our barn has been more free from disease 
than ever in the history of our business and our veterinary bill has been practically 
eliminated. 

Yours truly, Cofer & CHtz „ 




The above cut is a photograph of a colt 15 months of age, 15^2 hands high, 
the property of Mr. F. M. Nix, Route 4, Hico, Texas, which has been 
fed two pounds of Cotton-seed meal per day since weaned, at the 
very moderate cost of three cents per day. 

Mr. Nix advises that he is thoroughly convinced that Cotton-seed meal is 
by far the best and most economical feed on the market. 



"James Island, South Car., July 30, '10. 
Mr. Edtv. A. Eve, Mgr. Sea Island Cotton Oil Co. 
Dear Sir: 

I have frequently used cotton-seed meal feeding my horses and mules, and 
always with perfect satisfaction. My attention ivas first called to its great value 
for that purpose some twenty years ago by Mr. John Stoney Porcher, then 
living in 'St. Johns,' who teas pleased with his experiment with it and highly 
recommended it. It is too rich a food to be fed in a large quantity. My experi- 
ence was that two or three pounds was about what ivas best. All do not take 
to it at once and have to be gradually accustomed to it by mixing with some food 
relish. I never feed it alone. Would like to see our farmers use it more generally 
as am confident a better acquaintance with it ivould cause a much higher appre- 
ciation of its value and economy. 

Yours very truly, 

(Signed) W. G. Hinson, 
Leading Groiver of Fancy Sea Island Cotton/' 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



75 



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A few mules owned by W. Y. Foster, Hope, Arkansas, feeding upon a ration of cotton-seed 
meal and hulls at a cost of only 66 cents each per week. 

United Oil Mills, Hope, Ark. "Hope, Ark., Feb. 26, 1913. 

Gentlemen: 

Referring to your inquiry as to the experiments I have been carrying on 
for you and the success I have had with cotton-seed meal in the last several years, 
I take great pleasure in stating that I have never found any one article that 
the farmer produces which is of greater benefit to him than cotton-seed meal. 

I have reduced my feed bill 33 1 /t,% by the use of cotton-seed meal, by 
mixing one quart or a quart and a half per day to my ear corn, which is a very 
simple and easy matter. During the winter when my stock is not working, I 
find that I can feed all of them on 75c. per day on cotton-seed meal and hulls. 

By a test of the fertilizer I save around my barn yard and put on my field, I 
find that in competition zuith commercial fertilizers it is worth at least $13.00 
per ton which pays me handsomely for looking after it, and I can see results for 
three years. I also find that by taking the money I get for my cotton-seed and 
putting it back into cotton-seed meal and putting the meal tinder my corn as a 
fertilizer, that I can sometimes double my corn crop. By using this meal under 
my corn when I plant and a mixture of acid phosphate and potash for the second 
application, I do not believe that there is any better fertilizer at the price. 

When the South realizes the gold mine they have in cotton-seed meal and 
the many usages it can be put to on the farm, I believe that the oil mills will 
pay us more for our cotton-seed because they can get more for the meal. 

By experimenting with horses and mules when they are sickly and wormy, 
I find that cotton-seed meal nine times out of ten will correct this trouble. The 
same thing applies with hogs. Most hogs that are not healthy are wormy, and 
by giving them a rich slop of cotton-seed meal for a week or ten days and then 
follow with a mixture of cotton-seed meal and chops, it is uonderful to natch 
how rapidly the hogs will fatten. 

From my experience I would say that cotton-seed meal today is the cheapest 
feed on the market. 

Yours truly. B M Jone ^ An Arkansas farmer." 



76 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 




"Hope, Ark., Dec. 13, 1913. 
United Oil Mills, 

Hope, Ark. 
Gentlemen : 

Replying to your inquiry as to whether I ever fed horses and mules cotton- 
seed meal and hulls, will say that last winter I fed ten head of horses and mares, 
on cotton-seed meal and hulls alone. They ate no other feed, and I will say 
that it is the cheapest and best feed that you can give horses and mules. It is 
a good deal cheaper than corn, and the feed cost per horse less than a dollar per 
week. It is also a very healthful feed." — W . H. B riant. 




FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



77 




"Hope, Ark., Dec. 12, 1913. 
United Oil Mills, 

Hope, Ark. 
Gentlemen: 

Referring to conversation held by your Mr. Bridewell and myself, regarding 
the feeding of cotton-seed meal and hulls to mules, will say that the mules I 
showed you have been fed cotton-seed meal and hulls for four years. I got to 
feeding this in Texas where corn was scarce and very high, and I found the 
cotton-seed meal and hulls have great feed value, and are a great deal cheaper 
than feeding corn. 

As you could see my mules stay fat and healthy and I would recommend 
very highly to any of my farmer friends, to feed cotton-seed meal and hulls to 
mules, for I know from experience it is a good feed for horses, mules and cattle 
and you can feed them for $1.00 per week on meal and hulls." 

T. J. Walker, R. F. D. No. 6. 



"Let us give, in a word, my experience, rather than my views and conclu- 
sions, on the horse feed problem: Several years ago, when I was a cotton-seed 
crusher, on a small scale (I am not now even remotely connected with that worthy 
calling) it was at certain times better to do anything with meal than to sell it. 
There came into my family unexpectedly two colts. Just like a baby is never 
wanted Until it comes, and then immediately the household goes crazy over it, 
just so I took on about my colts. At that time oats were about $36 per ton, and 
corn about $26. I began feeding my mares on these expensive grains ground 
with a little cotton-seed meal dusted in. They took to it all right, and before 
the colts were six weeks old they were nibbling at their mother s feed. Since, 
more colts have come. The oldest, now five years old, and none of them have 
ever passed a day in their lives without eating some cotton-seed meal. They have 
never been out of fix. The older ones weigh 11 00 pounds and are 16 hands high 
— decidedly larger than dams or sire. They have carried me fifty miles a day 
without breathing deep. 

Here is a clean-cut, decisive example of cotton-seed meal as a component 
part of a horse's ration." 

Henry C. Hammond, Augusta, Ga., June 20, 1907. 



78 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 




A Shetland pony owned by Hy. Russek which has 
always been fed upon a ration of cotton-seed 
meal and hulls and has always been in the 
best of health. 



"Shaivnce, Okla., Feb. 10, 19*3- 
Choctaw Cotton Oil Co., 
Shaivnee, Oklahoma. 

Gentlemen: 

Replying to your favor of this date, beg to advise that we have been feeding 
cotton-seed meal and hulls in connection with other feed stuffs, to our horses and 
mules for more than two years. We are very much pleased with results and 
take pleasure in saying that during the time we have been using meal as a ration, 
we have not had a mule with the distemper nor one that has been foundered. 
We consider it a very valuable feed stuff for any class of live stock. As you are 
aware, we handle 1500 to 2500 head of mules per year. 



Yours truly, 



C. P. Jackson.' 



■ 




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4 


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, 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



79 




A work horse owned by Russek Bros., Schullenburg, Texas, which has been fed on a diet of 
cotton-seed meal and hulls for 2 Years. 



"Beatrice, Ala., Nov. 20, 1902. 
Alabama Cotton Oil Co., 
Mobile, Ala. 

Gentlemen: 

Replying to your favor of recent date with regard to results of using cotton- 
seed hulls and meal as feed for cattle will say that it has given better satisfaction 
than any feed I have ever used. Regarding the report that feeding hulls and 
meal to cattle causes blindness wish to stfite that none of mine have ever gone 
blind and I have used this feed for past seven years. I will add furthermore that 
most of the blindness in cattle is caused by the whip. I am ivorking 100 head 
here and there is not a blind ox in the bunch, though they are fed entirely on 
cotton-seed meal and hulls and are worked hard every day hauling logs. 

I have some oxen that have been ivorking six years on meal and hulls and 
are among the best cattle I own today. Large steers require about 25 pounds 
of hulls and 5 pounds of meal per day. As a result of feeding on above plan, all 
my cattle are in first-class condition. 

Any further information you may desire regarding this subject will be given 
with pleasure. 

Yours truly, 

(Signed) G. Talley." 



80 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



■ 




The above is a photograph of a bunch of mares and colts, the property of Mr. Albert 
Jamerson, Route 2, Iredell, Texas, which Mr. Jamerson has raised on cotton-seed 
cracks, feeding them 100 days during the fall and winter at the rate of two pounds 
per day each. He finds this to be the most economical feed on the market. 




T. C. Westbrook, Waco, Texas, building a levee to protect one of his farms in the Brazos 
bottom. These mules eat cotton-seed meal and corn, about equal portions, and all 
the hay they want. 




GOLDEN GLEAM— By Chester Time (a son of the famous Chester Dare 10). This filly 
was foaled March 29, 1912, weaned August 1, and has been fed on cotton-seed meal 
every day since. She was a blue ribbon winner at the Dallas Fair, October, 1912. 
Above picture was taken February 16, 1913. Respectfully, 

Dallas, Feb. 20, 1913. W. I. Yopp. 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



81 





" H'hitesboro, Texas, March 4, 1913. 
S. R. Cocknll, Mgr., 

Whitesboro Cotton Oil Co., 
Whitesboro, Texas. 

Dear Sir: 

Complying with your request as to my experience in 
feeding young mules cotton-seed meal and hulls, I wish to say 
that I have for the past five years been feeding this product 
and find it to be excellent feed and not at all expensive. In 
feeding mule colts, I mix four hundred pounds of meal with 
one ton of hulls and after the mules become used to it, I feed 
them about six to eight pounds daily and what wheat straw 
they will eat. This ration will keep them in fine growing 
condition and when put on the grass will soon get fat. 1 also 
give this feed in the latter part of summer and early fall when 
the pasture gets dry and keep them growing. I have never 
had the least trouble with this feed. I am 



Very truly, 



J. JM. Buchanan.' 




This is a photograph of a pen of mules and horses feed- 
ing upon cotton-seed meal and hulls. These 
animals are the property of Mr. A. D. Turner, 
Denton, Texas. Mr. Turner is seen standing on 
the right and Mr. Tom Johnson in the middle of 
this picture. These gentlemen have, as partners, 
handled fifteen or twenty thousand head of mules 
and horses in the last twenty-five years. They 
have never fed anything but cotton-seed meal and 
hulls to such animals. 




82 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



"Shawnee, Oklahoma, Feb. 10, 1913. 



Choctaw Cotton Oil Co., 
Shawnee, Oklahoma. 



Gentlemen: 

Replying to your inquiry, we take pleasure in endorsing meal and hulls as a 
ration for horses and mules. We handle 2000 to 3000 head of mules each season 
and we take pleasure in certifying that we have never had a sick mule when we 
have had them on a ration of cotton-seed meal mixed with other feed stuffs. 

Yours truly, 

Fibus & Gaskill" 




FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



83 



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84 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 




Ration for Feeding Mules. 

Successful ration used by J. M. Buchanan, Whitesboro, 

By weight 

Cotton-seed meal 400 pounds 

Cotton-seed hulls 2000 pounds 

Thoroughly mixed and from 6 to 8 
pounds of mixture fed daily to each 
mule, with as much wheat straw as they 
will eat. 



Texas: 



Daily Ration for Growing Horses. 
Amount for 1000 lbs. Live Weight. 



Ration No. 1 : 

10 lbs. Corn. 
25^ lbs. Cotton-seed meal. 

12 lbs. Prairie hay. 



Ration No. 2 : 

2 lbs. Cotton-seed meal. 
14 lbs. Sorghum hay. 
4 lbs. Corn. 
6 lbs. Wheat bran. 



Daily Ration for Horses Working. 
Amount for 1000 lbs. Live Weight. 



Ration No. 1 : 
8 lbs. Corn. 

3 lbs. Cotton-seed meal. 
12 lbs. Prairie hay. 

Ration No. 2: 
6 lbs. Oats. 

3 lbs. Cotton-seed meal. 
12 lbs. Hay. 



Ration No. 3: 
12 lbs. Corn. 
2 lbs. Cotton-seed meal. 
12 lbs. Prairie hay. 

Ration No. 4: 

8 lbs. Rice bran. 

4 lbs. Molasses. 
2^ lbs. Cotton-seed meal. 
12 lbs. Prairie hay. 



Feeding Work Oxen. 
Successful ration used by G. Talley, Beatrice, Alabama 

By weight 

Cotton-seed meal 5 pounds 

Cotton-seed hulls 25 pounds 



' 














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t.-Mi 



Chapter VII. 



Fattening Show Cattle 
and Sheep 




86 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 




This is a photograph of "Druid" of Point Comfort, Grand Champion Bull, owned by Lee Bros., 
of San Angelo, Texas. Cotton-seed meal has always been a part of his daily ration. 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 87 

Fattening Thoroughbred Herefords For Fat Stock Shows. 

THE pen fattening of range cattle, scrubs, and mixed breeds generally for 
market upon cotton-seed meal and hulls is a matter of such common 
knowledge among every class of people in the South that our people 
have come to think this is all such feed is good for. The public generally 
does not know that cotton-seed meal and hulls form all or a part of the ration 
of thoroughbred cattle feeding throughout the Country. 

Lee Brothers, San Angelo, Texas, are breeders of thoroughbred Here- 
fords. At present, they have over 300 registered Herefords in their herd. 

The cut shows one of their animals, Druid of Point Comfort, Grand 
Champion bull over all ages, 1908, 1909, 1910, 191 1, 1912. Lee Brothers 
are proud of this animal of course. Cotton-seed meal has always been a con- 
stituent element of his ration. He is kept in pretty good order all the year, 
in fact he is fat all the time. His ration varies with the season of the year 
and with the price of feed. In January, 1913, his ration, and the ration of 
the rest of the herd, is composed of cotton-seed meal, wheat bran, Johnson 
grass ensilage, corn chops, and milo maize chops in the following propor- 
tions: 

Ration. 

100 lbs. cotton seed meal 

200 " milo maize 

100 " wheat bran 

400 " corn chops 

100 " Johnson grass ensilage probably.. 

Total 915 559-3 

The nutritive ratio of this ration is about 1 to 6 or 1 to 7. 100 pounds 
of cotton-seed meal could be substituted for 100 pounds corn chops. It 
would not then be necessary to feed as many pounds per day to each animal, 
as it is with the above ration. Lee Bros., like all other scientific feeders, pro- 
duce a large part of their feed. They buy the concentrates which they need 
if it is not profitable to produce it. 

A picture of another one of Lee Bros.' prize winners is also shown. It 
is a grade Hereford steer raised, fattened, and kept fat upon a ration of cot- 
ton-seed meal, milo maize, corn chops, bran and ensilage. 

The value of ensilage as expressed by Phil Lee is, "ensilage gives the 
animal a good appetite/' 

Herein is a .recognition of a most important physiological principle. 
Food cannot be absorbed and assimilated by animal tissues until after it has 
been digested. It cannot be well digested unless the digestive glands pro- 
duce an abundant quantity of potent digestive fluids. Medical men of all 
ages have striven to restore the appetite of their patients, but not until recent- 
ly has physiology explained the precise value of a good appetite. Professor 





Digestible 




Protein. 


Fat and Carbohydrate. 


37-2 




44-4 


14 




126.2 


12.2 




45-3 


24.8 




292.4 


3-3 




5i 



88 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 




This is a photograph of a two year old grade steer owned by Lee Bros., San Angelo, Texas. 
This is a blue ribbon steer that has always eaten cotton-seed meal. 



Pavlov, already referred to in the preceding division of this booklet, in his 
research work on the "Digestive Glands," — the salivary glands, gastric glands, 
the pancreas, the intestines, and the liver — tried to find out how to stimulate 
.these digestive organs. After several years of this work, he said, 

"The appetite, as has been repeated many times in these lectures, is the 
strongest of all stimuli to the digestive glands." 

Whatever may be said of ensilage — its feeding value, its cost, and the 
like — its most important function is in giving to the animal this "appetite 
juice" this "igniting fluid" we call appetite. 

This grade Hereford and this grand champion bull before mentioned 
are fed cotton-seed meal every day in the year. They are as fat as mud all 
the time, and they don't have to be rushed to market at the end of a ninety 
day fattening period before some digestive disturbance takes place. They 
have been raised upon cotton-seed meal and other concentrated feeding stuffs. 
Their body cells are accustomed to such food, and are organized for the 
proper handling of such concentrates. Since cotton-seed meal contains such 
a high percent, of protein, which is essential to the production of muscle, 
bone, nerve tissue, skin, hair, connective tissue, and ligaments — the frame- 
work of an animal — it is no wonder that so many prize winners are made of 
those animals that eat it all of their lives. 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



89 




Upper row from left to right, A. D. Turner, Denton, Texas, breeder of thorough-bred Shropshire 
sheep; J. S. Abbott, Food and Drug Commissioner of Texas; Tom Johnson, President, 
First National Bank, Denton, Texas. 

Lower row, imported Shropshire rams and ewes. These thorough-bred sheep are fed ex- 
clusively upon cotton-seed meal and hulls. 



Feeding Sheep Cotton-Seed Meal and Hulls 

One of the best known breeders of thoroughbred sheep in Texas is A. D. 
Turner, of Denton, Texas. Some of the ribbons, red and blue, are shown, 
representing the numerous prizes received by Mr. Turner on sheep shown at 
many places in the United States. Some sheep that are being fattened on 
cotton-seed meal and hulls alone for the Fat Stock Show held in Ft. Worth, 
Texas, in March, 1913, are also shown. 

At the State Fair of Texas in 1912, Mr. Turner got $91.00 of the $100.00 
offered as prize money in the sheep department. The other $9.00 was taken 
by a man to whom Mr. Turner had sold sheep. He has never fed his sheep 
anything but cotton-seed meal and hulls. He has 1,200 acres of land, a part 
of which is used for pasture. But the sheep are fed during the winter, and 
fattened for show purposes entirely upon cotton-seed meal and hulls. If a 
man who imports the finest sheep offered for sale, breeds them for breeding 
purposes, and never feeds anything but cotton-seed meal and hulls, there is 
certainly a good reason for it. Mr. Turner has been a sheep man in Denton 
County ever since the departure of the Red man from his trail up and down 
Denton creek. He has been a sheep man since the time the old settlers had 



90 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 





These are cuts of a few of the many ribbons that have been put upon the prize winning sheep 
owned by A. D: Turner, Denton, Texas. Mr. Turner has never fed his sheep anything 
but cotton-seed meal and hulls. 

to do without lights at night, so the Indians could not find their houses. He 
has fed cotton-seed meal and hulls exclusively for twenty years to all sorts 
of farm live-stock and he has accumulated enough to live on quite comfort- 
ably from what he has made in the stock business. 

The cut shows a few imported Shropshires which cost from $100.00 to 
$400.00 each. Their ration, like all the others, is cotton-seed meal and hulls. 
Another bunch being fattened for show purposes upon cotton-seed meal and 
hulls, is also shown. 




A few mutton being fattened upon cotton-seed meal 
and hulls only, by Mr. A. D. Turner, Denton, 
Texas, who will show them at the Fat Stock Show 
in Ft. Worth, Texas, this spring. 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



91 









Another bunch of thorough-bred sheep eating cotton- 
seed meal and hulls; the home of A. D. Turner, 
Denton, Texas. 



Hon. J. S. Abbott, 

Food and Drug Cojnmissioner, 
Austin, Texas. 



"Denton, Texas, Feb. 15, igij. 



Dear Sir: 

Replying to your recent letter asking for my experience in feeding cotton- 
seed meal and hulls I beg to say that I have been feeding cotton-seed meal and 
hulls to mules, horses, sheep, cattle, and hogs for about 25 years. 

I ivintered 75 head of mules and horses last winter on cotton-seed meal and 
hulls alone and they ivent through the winter in fine condition. They had a 
good appetite and a good sleek coat of hair all the winter. 

I do not feed anything to my imported Shropshire sheep except a mixture 
of cotton-seed meal and hulls, and I have never seen any bad effects of this feed. 
Sheep fed upon this feeding ration will not shed their wool as they do when fed 
upon corn ration. This ration keeps the ewes in a good healthy condition and 
causes them to give a large floiv of milk which gives the lambs a fine start. 

I am sending you herewith some photographs of a few of the many ribbons 
that I have carried off from State and World's fairs in the showing of sheep 
that have never eaten anything but cotton-seed meal and hulls except what weeds 
and grass they could get around my place. Of the $100.00 prize money offered 
by the Dallas-Texas State Fair last year, I received $Qi.oo on prize ivinning 
.sheep. 

I have never had an animal of any kind to founder on cotton-seed meal. 

Very truly yours, 

A. D. TURNER." 



m 


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92 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



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"Denton, Texas, Feb. 15, 191 3. 
Hon. J. S. Abbott, 

Food and Drug Commissioner, 
Austin, Texas. 
Dear Sir: 

I have been feeding cotton-seed meal and hulls to horses, mules, and hogs 
for about 15 years. There is absolutely no other feed equal to this for keeping 
farm live stock in a good healthy growing condition with a good appetite and 
sleek hair. 

I make a thin slop of the cotton-seed meal for hogs and give them from 
one-half to 2 lbs. of the meal per day. My hogs have always done well on this 
ration. They are allowed to graze, of course, and to have access to plenty of 
water. As the hog doesn't sweat he has to have something to keep him cool in 
the hot summer time. 

Mr. A. D. Turner of this city and I have fattened thousands of sheep on 
cotton-seed meal and hulls and have never had any trouble in keeping them in 
a good thriving condition. 

Yours truly, 

W. T. Johnson." 

"Based on the Chicago price for best feeding lambs plus 30 cents for ship- 
ping, the cost of grains was so high that only the lots fed corn, cotton-seed meal, 
clover hay and ensilage sold high enough to return any profit." — Bui. No. 16, 
Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station, Lafayette, Ind. 




FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



93 




Ration No. i : 
34 lb. Cottonseed meal. 
3 lbs. Sorghum, prairie, 
cow-pea hay. 

Ration No. 2 : , 

1 lb. Corn. 
y 2 lb. Cotton-seed meal. 
1 lb. Cow-pea hay. 
1 lb. Sorghum hay. 



Daily Ration for Growing Sheep. 
Amount for 100 lbs. Live Weight. 
Ration No. 3 : 



alfalfa, or 



1 lb. 

Vz lb. 

V* lb. 

iV* lbs 



Corn. 

Wheat bran. 
Cotton-seed meal. 
Cotton-seed hulls. 

Ration No. 4: 
iY 2 lbs. Rice bran. 
y 2 lb. Cotton-seed meal. 
iy 2 lbs. Cow-pea hay, 



Daily Ration for Fattening Sheep. 
Amount for 100 lbs. Live Weight. 



Ration No. 1 : 

1 lb. Cotton-seed meal. 
3 lbs. Cotton-seed hulls. 

Ration No. 2 : 

2 lbs. Corn. 

y 2 lb. Cotton-seed meal. 
2 lbs. Cotton-seed hulls, sorghum hay, 
cow-pea hay, or prairie hay. 



Ration 


No. 3: 


1 lb. 


Wheat bran. 


3/ 4 lb. 


Cotton-seed meal 


3 lb. 


Cotton-seed hulls. 




94 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 





Chapter VIII. 



The Export Trade in 
Cotton-Seed Products 



96 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 




Port Arthur (Texas) cotton-seed cake sacking and grinding export dock of the Texas Export 
and Import Company of Galveston, Texas. Largest cotton-seed meal and cake export dock 
in the World. Steamers "Rhodanthe," "Etonian" and "Sicilia" loading simultaneously 
cotton-seed meal and cake. Season 1911-12. 

The Export Trade in Cotton-Seed Products. 

THIS trade has grown to such proportions as to almost equal the balance 
in trade between the United States and Europe. Our exports to Europe 
being larger than our imports about the value of the Cotton-seed 
Products we export, therefore, such products are an important factor in our 
foreign trade relations. 

In the beginning of the Cotton-seed Product industry in the United 
States we had to depend upon the foreign markets entirely for the disposi- 
tion of these products, but as the industry grew and the volume of such pro- 
ducts made increased (as our cotton crop increased), they became so impor- 
tant, and the capital invested in their manufacture so large, that efforts were 
made to educate the people of our own country to the great value of such 
products that were being sent out of our country at less than their value. 

While the amount and value of such products exported the past year 
was perhaps the largest in the history of the business, the amount of such 
products produced the past year grew to such proportions that the amount 
exported was not more than one-third of the amount produced. This em- 
phasizes the great importance that the manufacturing of such products has 
grown to in this country, as well as the great importance that the trade in 
such products now occupies in our own country. 

To further illustrate the imoortance that such products now occupy in 
our export trade and in our domesf'c trade as well, vou have onlv to look at 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 97 

the volume produced in this country the past year and the proportion of it 
exported and that consumed in this country. 

The amount of cotton-seed oil produced the past year was approxi- 
mately 3,500,000 barrels of fifty gallons each, and the amount exported was 
about 1,000,000 barrels, leaving for consumption in this country about 
2,500,000 barrels. The amount of cotton-seed cake and meal produced the 
past year was approximately 2,000,000 tons of 2,000 pounds each and the 
amount exported was about 650,000 tons, leaving about 1,350,000 tons for 
consumption in this country. 

There is scarcely any other single product the growth in volume of 
which has been so rapid, and the demand for which has so closely kept pace 
with its increased production as has cotton-seed products, and so important 
have they become, both in this country and Europe, that neither country 
could well get along without them. 

All of which goes to show the great intrinsic merit of such products, as 
well as their importance in our export trade as well as to our domestic trade. 
They furnish feed for our stock, and food for mankind and beyond question 
are destined to continue and grow in importance as the people become edu- 
cated to their merits, both as a pure and healthful food for mankind and as 
a highly concentrated and valuable feed for every kind of stock we raise. 

The following tables show the amount and value of cotton-seed oil ex- 
ported from the United States for several years past and to what countries 

it goes '. Fiscal year Pounds Dollars 

1908 307,649,933 17,226,451 

1909 ••• 383,154,968 20,851,380 

I9IO 223,955,002 14,798,063 

191 1 225,520,944 17,127,369 

1912 399,470,973 24,089,223 

The distribution of the export in the fiscal year 191 2 to principal 
countries was, stated in pounds, as follows: 

Exported to — Pounds 

Netherlands 97,590, 1 74 

England 63,566,425 

Italy 36,670,719 

France 25,596,365 

Canada 22,659,718 

Mexico 28,961,136 

Argentina 8,893,927 




Loading of cotton-seed meal into barges under super- 
vision of Goldstuck, Hainze & Co., Rotterdam. 



98 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



The Cotton Seed Oil in Cuba 

"Habana, Cuba, March 3, 1913. 

"This commodity can be considered as a new one in the Cuban market, 
and ten years ago, very few people knew that from the cotton-seed an oil of 
positive nutritious results was obtained, and that with time it would come if 
not to eliminate the olive oil, at least to be its substitute. 

"The cotton-seed oil importa- 
tion, as a domestic matter, has 
greatly developed, having reduced 
the crude oil importation for soap 
making. 

"Various are the packages and 
qualities of oil imported into 
Cuba, but the oil of greater de- 
mand is the 'winter yellow' which 
comes in cases of 4 tins of 22>4 

DOUnds each and is USed tO replace Loading cotton-seed meal into barges under super- 
yvjuii^o r vision of Goldstuck, Hainze & Co., Rotterdam. 

the olive oil and many times to be 
mixed with it. 

"The 'summer yellow oil' has 
not such a demand as the 'winter 
yellow oil' which is really not 
explainable. Since this is a warm 
country, where temperature never t 
is under 71 ° F., the summer oil I 




SttttfH 



* 1 - 






keeps perfectly well, clear and 
brilliant. 




Delivery of cotton-seed meal ex. warehouse into 
wagons under supervision of Goldstuck, Hainze 
& Co., Rotterdam. 



"Most of the oil that comes in 
barrels is employed in making com- 
pound lard. There is only one compound lard factory in this country which can- 
not supply all the demand, having the advantage on imported compounds, 
that our Custom House Tariff allows of a 25% reduction in duties on prime 
matters for making compound lard. 

"There is a market, though very small, for white and yellow oils in 
barrels, specially for bakers. 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



99 



"The compound lard consumption has been reduced in Cuba, due to 
low prices of pure lards, and having only a difference of 2 cents per pound 
in cost the buyer prefers the pure lard. 

"The total consumption yearly in the whole island for cases and bar- 
rels is: 

Cases . . 18,732 

Barrels 9.376 

"The oil barrels are of about 52 gallons, and it can be said that only two 
or three factories work this market, and they are: Edible Products Co, 
American Cotton Oil Co., and Southern Cotton Oil Co. 

"The other factories limit themselves to sell quantities of lard and oil. 
I think that if this market were better worked, approaching more to its 
Latin customs, a greater business could be obtained in cotton-seed oils and 
compound lard. 

"The firms of that country that wish to work this market and want to 
know the way and uses of doing business here might address me through 
the Texas Cotton-Seed Crushers' Association or directly, and I will be 
pleased to inform them fully. 

"The market can be also interested in cotton-seed fertilizers of 7 to 
9% ammonia basis, and acid greases of 38 to 40% with 97% saponifiable 
prime crude oil and off-crude oil. 

"Undeniable results of great commercial development by its own 
strength, this country is obtaining and, near to the United States, must make 
the merchants of that country to look to the advantages that would come 
to them by creating little by little the demand of all articles that Cuba 
needs." — A. Marce. 




Weighing on quay of cotton-seed cake under supervision of Golstuck, Hainze 

& Co., Hamburg. 



100 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 




W His 




Weighing, sampling and delivery alongside of cotton-seed meal under super- 
vision of Goldstuck, Hainze & Co., Hamburg. 




Weighing and sampling on quay of cotton-seed meal under supervision of 
Goldstuck, Hainze & Co., Hamburg. 




Chapter IX. 



Dairy Cows 



102 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 




'LASSIE." — Great Scott's Champion, 203703, on her sire's side a great grand-daughter of 
Golden Lad, through her sire Rhymer P. 2756 H. C, and her grand-sire, Great Scott, P. 
2153 H. C, and on her dam's side a grand-daughter of Golden Lad, through her dam 
Tricycle 3rd P. 6295 C, owned by Ed. C. Lasater, Falfurrias, Texas. "Lassie's" ration, 
among other things, consists of five pounds of cold press cotton-seed cake. 




FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



103 



Feeding Dairy Cows. 

Every dairyman in reach of cotton-seed products, as is well known, uses 
more or less of cotton-seed meal and hulls for feeding dairy cows. Even as 
far North as Maine cotton-seed meal is very generally used, as is seen by the 
following letter to the Texas Dairy and Food Commissioner who made in- 
quiry on this point: 

"Maine Agricultural Experiment Station 
Orono, Maine 



Chas. D. Woods, 
Director. 



January ij, IQ13. 



Mr. J. S. Abbott, 

Food and Drug Commissioner, 
Austin, Texas. 

Dear Mr. Abbott: 

Your letter of January nth is at hand. We have made direct experiments 
with the feeding of cotton-seed meal and cotton-seed hulls to live stock, horses, 
mules, chickens, hogs, etc. Of course you are aware that cotton-seed meal is 
largely used as part of the ration for dairy cattle in Maine, and it is used for that 
purpose successfully. 

5 ours truly, 

CHAS. D. WOODS, 

Director." 

In many places dairy cows are fed upon meal and hulls all the year 
with no other feed to amount to anything scarcely. Such cattle remain in 
a good, healthy, thriving condition longer than upon any other single food 
product ration. 

One of the most successful dairymen in Texas operating upon a small 
scale is Mr. A. E. Franklin, Austin, Texas. The figure shows Mr. Frank- 
lin's barn in which his cows are milked. Mr. Franklin is an enthusiastic 
feeder of cotton-seed meal and hulls. He mixes a little bran with the cot- 
ton-seed meal when he is feeding hay in place of hulls, because of the rich- 
ness of the meal. Mr. Franklin is an enthusiastic friend of cotton-seed meal 
and hulls. 




MR. A. E. FRANKLIN'S BARN, CONTAINING A 

WASH ROOM AND A MILK ROOM 

FOR MILKING COWS. 

On the left side is a little boiler room which contains 
a $35.00 boiler for making hot water and steajn 
which is conveyed through pipes to the wash room 
on the left hand of the main barn. On the right 
hand of the main barn is where he milks his cows. 
It is well screened. This sanitary milk barn and 
wash room was built by Mr. Franklin himself at 
a cost of less than $200.00. Mr. Franklin is milk- 
ing seven thoroughbred Jersey cows and is selling 
his milk at 80 cents a gallon, which is just double 
the regular market price of milk. The seven cows 
are bringing him from $450.00 to $500.00 a month 
gross. The net earning is something over $300.00 
a month. These cows are fed upon a ration of 
cotton-seed hulls, meal and wheat bran. 



104 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 




Operating upon a much larger scale in the dairy business is the Fal- 
furrias Jersey Dairy Company. Mr. Lasater owns nearly half a million 
acres of land, 19,000 cattle, 700 horse stock, and over 1,200 dairy cows, of 
which about 900 are registered Jerseys. 

FALFURRIAS JERSEY DAIRY COMPANY, 

Ed. C. Lasater, President, 
Falfurrias (Brooks Co.), Texas. 

In the fall of 191 1, the Falfurrias 
Jersey enterprise was incorporated into 
what is now known as the "Falfurrias 
Jersey Dairy Company," with a paid-up 
capital of $1,000,000.00. 

Incorporated for the uses of the Fal- 
furrias Jersey Dairy Company is forty 
thousand acres of land out of the Fal- 
furrias Ranch. There are eight dairies 
now in operation on this proposition, they 
being so situated as to provide ample pas- 
turage for the number of cattle each one 
is intended to carry. Seven of these dairies 
have a capacity of one hundred and 
twenty-five cows each, and the eighth, fifty 
cows. Each dairy has separate pastures 
for cows in milk and for dry cows. The 
outlying pastures being used for breeding 
young heifers, for calves when taken from 
the dairies, dry cows and bulls. Three of 
these dairies are operated with registered 
Jersey cows; the other five with high- 
graded Jersey cows. There are at present 
located on this property twenty-one silos, 
with an aggregate capacity of two thou- 
sand six hundred tons of ensilage ; all of 
these silos have been filled with corn, 
kaffer corn, sorghum and pea vine ensil- 
age this spring and summer. As many 
more will be built another year. 
The Feeding Stuffs of this Dairy. 

During the month of March, of 
1 91 2, milking an average of 738 cows per 
day, the average daily milk production per 
cow of this herd was 19.78 pounds, and 
the average daily butter production per 
cow, a fraction over one pound. These 
results being obtained by feeding a ration 
of six pounds of cold pressed cotton-seed 
cake, per cow, per day, at a cost of less 
than six cents, together with native pas- 
turage. Beginning with February the 
weed crop, and subsequently the grass, 
keeps the cows in the best possible physical 
condition, and, at a very nominal feed cost, 
keeps the production up to a very satis- 
Prize winners owned by Ed. C. Lasater, Falfurrias, factory standard, and most certainly an 

Texas. These thoroughbred Jerseys eat from five economic one, until cold weather, usually 

to six pounds of cotton-seed cold press cake daily. November." 





FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



105 




Another prize winner, owned by Ed. C. Lasater, Falfurrias, Texas. This 
thoroughbred Jersey eats from five to six pounds of cotton-seed cold 
press cake daily. 



The following letter is self-explanatory: 

"ED. C. LASATER, 

Falfurrias, Texas. 



February IS, 191 3- 



Mr. J. S. Abbott, 

Food and Dairy Commissioner, 
Austin, Texas. 

Dear Sir: 

Your favor of February 1st received. Mr. Lasater has only been at home 
two days since it was received and during that time was so busy he did not 
have the time to reply to it, but requested us to write you. 

His views are that no concentrates can be fed to dairy cattle to better 
advantage than can cotton-seed cake and cotton-seed meal. We are feeding the 
cold pressed cotton-seed cake to our dairy cows now, in quantities up to five 
pounds per cow daily, according to amount of milk they are giving. This cold 
pressed cake contains forty per cent, of cotton-seed meal. 

We have never experimented with our cows to see what feeds ivould produce 
the most milk, as we feed for economic production and not maximum production. 

At the present time we are milking nine hundred cows, and making over 
eight hundred pounds of butter daily. This butter yield will increase to more 
than a thousand during the month of March. We feed nothing excepting the 
cold pressed cake, as above mentioned, and prickly pear during the winter months 
where we have it. Most of our dairies, however, have nothing excepting the 
cake and the pastures. We also feed the cake to the calves as soon as they will 
cat it; they seem to relish it, and we find that they do splendidly on a small 
amount of it. 

We regret that Mr. Lasater could not have had the time to give you his 
views in a personal letter, but trust that the information contained herein zvill be 
of some value to you, ive are, 

Yours very truly, 

Ed. C. Lasater Office, 

By A. B. Jones." 



106 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 




Dairy barn and silos, owned by Ed. C. Lasater, Fal- 
furrias, Texas, in the land of sunshine, "The Land 
of Heart's Delight." The dairy barn is built so as 
to admit plenty of air. The cow animal, as well 
as the man animal, needs canned vegetables during 
the winter months. Hence, the Silo. 



**/ am in receipt of your letter of August 26 by your Manager to Dean 
F. B. Mumford. We have been making use of cotton-seed meal in feeding our 
dairy herd for 10-12 years and feed it regularly in sufficient quantities to properly 
balance the ration. 

When talking to Farmers' Institutes and other gatherings I have repeatedly 
urged farmers to use cotton-seed meal for their dairy cows. The typical ration 
fed to the Missouri cow consists of corn, corn stover, and timothy hay which is 
capable of producing only a limited amount of milk. The addition of 2 pounds 
cotton-seed meal per day to this increases the milk-making capacity about 50% 
or more. We should be entirely willing to give our opinion regarding the value 
and economy of feeding cotton-seed meal to anyone who may wish our opinion 
concerning it." — C. PI. Eckles, Prof. Dairy Husbandry, University of Missouri, 
Columbia, Mo. 

"The phenomenally high melting point of butter from cotton-seed" was first 
pointed out, I believe, by Prof. H. H. Harrington and Dr. H. W. Wiley. 

"It has since been further confirmed at the Texas Agricultural Experimental 
Station and by the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station. 

The practical effect of all this must be found, if at all, in the increased 
firmness of the butter for handling and shipping in hot weather." — The Penn- 
sylvania State College Agricultural Experiment Station, State College, Pa., Bui. 
No. 17. 

"Feeding Values of Cotton-Seed and Linseed Meals. Twenty cows 
were fed for nearly six months. Cotton-seed meal seemed to possess a small 
though measurable advantage over linseed meal as a milk and butter-making 
by-product; and since it cost less and carried a greater plant food content, it 
proved economically preferable." — Bui. 137, Vermont Agricultural Experiment 
Station, Burlington, Vt. 

"Protein is the necessary ingredient for practically all farmers and dairymen 
to purchase. 

"The prices paid for cattle feeds bear very little relation to their feeding 
value. The price is so much per ton whether it is rich in protein and zuell suited 
to supplement the ordinary farm feeds, or whether it be a feed rich in starch and 
of less value in compounding rations." — Serial No. 48, Bui. Georgia Dept. of 
Agriculture. 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



107 




"In these trials cotton-seed meal, even the relatively poor grade fed, won out 
handily as compared with linseed meal. Yet the zuriter believes that the latter is 
an advisable concomitant to use with cotton-seed, because of its laxative properties. 

Cotton-Seed Meal, as compared with linseed meal, seemed to possess a 
small though measurable advantage as a milk and butter-making by-product; 
and since it cost less and carried a greater plant food content, it proved economi- 
cally preferable." — Bulletin HQ, Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station. 
Burlington, J't. 

"After the calf is one iveek old, it should be given some grain to teach it to 
eat as soon as possible. A mixture of wheat bran, ground oats and oil-meal in 
equal parts will be found excellent for producing growth, and bulky enough to 
start the development of the paunch." — Bulletin 63, Storrs Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station, Storrs, Conn. 

"One pound of cotton-seed meal was found to be equal to nearly two pounds 
of cocoanut meal for milk production." — Bulletin QQ, Florida Agricultural 
Experiment Station. 



108 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 






FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



109 



Has Fed it for Fifteen Years. 

Air. J. M. Watson, pioneer feeder of Hamilton County, Kansas, says: 

"March 25, 19 1 3. 

H. G. Cherry, Mar., 
Kansas City, Mo. 

Dear Sir: 

I have used cotton-seed cake for fifteen years and can say that it is the best 
and cheapest feed I ever used for cattle, also for milch cozes and calves.'' 




This is a photograph of Rezellman, a Holstein cow owned by F. B. Hale, Osceola, Arkansas, 
who bought her from Mrs. Fullerton of Cape Girardeau, Mo., who imported her from 
Holland. She gave from 8 to 10 gallons of milk per day upon a ration of cotton-seed 
meal and hulls. 



"These were the finest cows I ever saw, and every person that did see them said 
they were fine and very fine, and it was all brought about just by feeding them cotton- 
seed meal and hulls. Try it. Get you a good blooded cow and feed her meal and 
hulls and just keep feeding it and you will find it to be the best feed for cattle, hogs, 
mules and horses you ever f e d."—F. B. Hale, Osceola, Ark., March 4. 1913. 



110 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



"Whitesboro, Texas, Feb. 27, JQIJ. 
Mr. S. R. Cockrill, Mgr., 

Whitesboro Cotton Oil Company, 
Whitesboro, Texas. 

Dear Sir: 

In regard to feeding hulls and meal to stock, I have been feeding meal to 
my hogs for a number of years, and have fed hulls and meal to cattle for the past 
five or six years, and with the best results at all times. I have two milk cows 
four years old, which have been fed meal and hulls twice a day since they were 
weaned. I have fattened numbers of cattle of all kinds on hulls and meal. 

Yours truly, 

M. V. Scheid." 



Calf Feeding. 

Successful ration used by Connecticut 
Agricultural Experiment Station: 

By weight 

Wheat Bran 1 part 

Ground Oats 1 part 

Oil meal 1 part 




Daily Ration for a Dairy Cow. 



Ration No. 1: 

35 lbs. Silage. 

12 lbs. Mixed hay. 

2 lbs. Wheat bran. 

2 lbs. Corn meal. 

4 lbs. Cotton-seed meal. 

Ration No. 2: 

3 lbs. Cotton-seed meal. 
3 lbs. Wheat bran. 

15 lbs. Cotton-seed hulls. 



Ration No. 3: 

3 lbs. Cotton-seed meal. 

6 lbs. Sweet potatoes. 

12 lbs. Mixed hay or cotton-seed hulls. 

7 lbs. Blackstrap Molasses. 

Ration No. 4: 
6 lbs. Beet pulp. 
3 lbs. Corn and cob meal. 
3 lbs. Cotton-seed meal. 
12 lbs. Cotton-seed hulls or hay. 




FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 111 

Butter. 
To Increase Its Quality and Quantity. 

Heat a quantity of good deodorized cooking cotton-seed oil to about 
blood heat, and just before beginning to churn, add to the milk, using about 
one-third of a teacupful to each gallon of milk, and proceed as usual. 

Good cooking oil can be bought from any progressive grocer at about 
sixty cents or less per gallon, which is about eight cents per pound. 

A three-gallon churning of rich milk will take about half a pound of 
oil. It will hasten the coming of butter, assist in its better collection, im- 
prove the quality of both it and the buttermilk, and being returned as butter 
will give the better collection of the butter fat an increased yield slightly in 
excess of the weight of the selling price of the butter and the cost price of 
the oil. But this is by no means the major advantage of the practice. This 
is to be found in the decreased time and labor in churning and in the im- 
proved flavor and softened texture of the butter and buttermilk. 



112 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 





Chapter X. 



Cotton-Seed Flour 



114 FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 

Cotton-Seed Flour 

The Sunny South's Substitute for Meat. 

UNTIL recent years man has been dependent upon corn, rice, wheat, 
oats, buck-wheat and potatoes for the division of food nutrients known 
as carbohydrates (starches and sugars chiefly). Turnips, cabbage, cauli- 
flower, lettuce, spinach, and other "vegetables" have furnished a part of carbo- 
hydrates called fiber. We have depended upon the sheep, the ox, and the hog 
for both protein and fat. 

Cotton-seed oil now furnishes the world with a large per cent, of fat, 
having taken the place of tallow and lard for cooking purposes and for 
butter. 

Cotton-seed flour being rich in protein like lean meat may take, in part 
at least, the place of meat without doing violence to a balanced ration of 
protein, fat and carbohydrates. This flour is easily digested, as shown from 
the following table of the digestibility of food nutrients of cotton-seed flour, 
wheat flour, corn meal and meat: 

Average Digestibility of Food Nutrients. 

Protein Fat Nitrogen-free 

Extract 

Cotton-seed meal 88.4 93.3 60.6 

Corn meal 67.9 92. 1 94.6 

Wheat flour 93-9 90. 99-1 

Meat 97- 98. 98. 

Cotton-seed flour contains no starch, and is therefore a valuable food for 
diabetic patients. It contains half as much fat as fresh meats and does not, 
therefore, produce as much animal heat as meat. This is a point worthy of 
notice in hot climates. 

Broadly speaking, the nutritive value of any food is measured by the 
amount of protein, fat and carbohydrates contained in it. The most valu- 
able of these is protein, the nitrogen-containing albumen-like substance, sim- 
ilar in character to the white of an egg, and supplying to the system growth, 
development, muscle, bone and lean meat. Next in value is fat, producing 
heat and energy and building up fat in the body but making no muscle or 
flesh. Under the general term carbohydrates is classed the starch, sugars and 
fibers present in all foods, forming the cheapest and most abundant of food 
elements, giving some heat and energy, but making no flesh, bone, or muscle 
and in general estimates of food value, frequently neglected. 




FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



115 



Keeping these facts in mind and as indicating the wonderfully nutritive 
value of cotton-seed flour, the following tabulation is interesting as showing 
the 



PROTEIN AND FAT CONTENTS 

of some Articles of Food of Even -Day Consumption 

as compared with 

COTTON-SEED FLOUR 

Protein Fat Total 

Allison's cotton-seed flour 53-90 7.17 61.07 

Patent wheat flour 10.68 1.05 1 1.73 

Graham wheat flour 12.44 J -90 T 4-34 

Corn meal 9.17 1.77 12.94 

Lima beans (dried) 18.1 1.5 19.6 

Navy beans (dried) 22.5 1.8 24.3 

Cow peas (dried) 24.4 1.4 , 25.8 

Garden peas (dried) 24.6 1.0 25.6 

Irish potatoes 2.2 1.0 3.2 

Sweet potatoes 1.8 0.7 2.5 

Fresh eggs 1 3.4 10.5 23.9 

Whole milk 3.4 4.0 7.4 

Dried figs 4.3 3.0 7.3 

Dried prunes 2.1 0.0 2.1 

Raisins 2.6 3.3 5.9 

Lean round of beef as bought 19.5 7.3 26.8 

Wheat 12.5 2.2 14.7 

Corn 9.9 2.8 12.7 

Oats 1 1.8 5.0 16.8 

Rice 7.4 0.4 7.8 

Rye 10.6 1.7 12.3 

Barley 12.4 1.8 14.2 

Meats contain from 15 to 23 per cent, protein, averaging about 17, and 
the edible portions as sold in the markets from 6 to 10 per cent, fat, aver- 
aging about 8. Or average total protein and fat as purchased, about 25 per 
cent. 

It will be seen from this that cotton-seed flour has a nutritive value 
more than five times that of wheat flour, nearly three times that of lean 
round of beef as bought in the markets and from three to thirty times that 
of many of the best known and most frequently used articles of food, while 
its every day use by many of our home people, and its rapidly increasing 
popularity everywhere fully establish its delicious flavor, ease of digestion 
and entire healthfulness. 

Cotton-Seed Flour Should be Mixed with Wheat Flour. 

Comparatively speaking wheat flour is nearly all starch and cotton-seed 
flour is nearly all protein. To get the best results, therefore, a mixture of 
these flours should be made as follows: 



116 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



For Yeast Bread. 

By weight 

Cotton-seed flour i part 

Wheat flour i part 

For Biscuit Bread. 

By weight 

Cotton-seed flour i part 

Wheat flour 2 parts 

For Soft Ginger Bread. 

By weight 

Cotton-seed flour 3 parts 

Wheat flour 1 part 

For Fruit Cake. 

By weight 

Cotton-seed flour 4 parts 

Wheat flouf 1 part 

Just as good cotton oil is the best and purest cooking fat on the earth, 
and good cotton-seed flour the best bread-making material the world has 
ever known, bad cotton oil and poor cotton-seed flour are the very worst in 
the world for these purposes. 

Both are extremely delicate products and both peculiarly subject to 
rapid deterioration and injury, and for this reason should be bought only of 
those brands well known for unvarying excellence, and in such quantities as 
will admit of quick consumption, and in any event should be handled with 
extreme care. 

There are many grades being offered, some are good, and sifted cotton- 
seed meal is no more cotton-seed flour than wheat bran is wheat flour. There 
is one way to avoid disappointment in cotton-seed flour, do not allow the 
bad to prejudice you against it all. 

Buy only the best. 




FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 117 



"ST. PATRICK'S CHURCH 

Dallas, Texas, July 14, igio. 
Jo W. Allison, 

Dear Sir and Friend: — / know you will be pleased to hear of my continued 
good health since leaving St. Paul's Sanitarium over two months ago. My health 
not only remains good, but, thank God, it is constantly improving. I feel better 
and stronger than I have at any time in the past five years. 

After our Heavenly Father I feel I owe my present good health to the care 
and intelligent attention I received from Dr. W. C. Swain and from the truly 
wonderful effects of your cotton-seed flour bread. Dr. Swain, judging from the 
effects in my case, agtees with me that it is most wholesome and nutritious and 
makes an ideal food for those who suffer from kidney trouble. 

As you well know, I am no M. D., and know but little of that very necessary 
science, yet I will try in my own way to tell you of the benefits I received from 
the use of the cotton-seed flour bread and the way it acted upon my system. 

It is now five months since I began this bread. At that time everybody had 
given me up. My body was badly swollen with dropsy. I could not lie in bed, and 
to breathe was difficult. Then it was that Mrs. Dan McCarty sent me the loaf 
of cotton-seed flour bread. As is usually the case in this terrible disease my 
bowels could be kept open only by using the most powerful and certainly the most 
disagreeable of medicines every night. 

The first thing I noticed about this new bread was that it was very agreeable 
to the palate. Again it crumbles in the mouth when masticated; thus enabling 
the gastric juices to pervade every particle of the food when it enters the stomach. 
But best of all on account of the high percentage of oil it contains, it helped greatly 
to relieve the constipated condition of the bowels — to such an extent that a strong 
laxative was necessary only every third or fourth night. I believe that of all the 
food I have taken in the past five months I received more nourishment — certainly 
to me more pleasure — from your cotton-seed flour bread than all the other food 
stuff I am permitted by my diet. 

My dear friend, if I can in any way help you to place this great blessing 
before those especially who are suffering from Bright's disease in its many and 
terrible forms, you have but to command me. In a few weeks I expect to pay you 
a visit and will let you know why you have not heard from me before this. 

Hoping God will bless you and yours, I am 

Yours in Christ, 

Father Mulloy." 



118 FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 

Fat 

Vegetable Oils (Fat) vs. Animal Fats. 

In this age of dyspeptics we are constantly trying to find food that can be 
easily digested. The digestibility of cotton oil as compared with other fats is 
shown by the following table prepared by Prof. Moore of the University of 
Arkansas: 

Refined Cotton-seed Oil 93-37% 

Pure Olive Oil 88.81 % 

Home-made Lard (soft) 88.78% 

Peanut Oil 85.87% 

Home-made Lard (hard) 73.88% 

Beef Suet 73.66% 

A study of these figures will be of interest to dyspeptics and those who 
suffer with poor digestion in explaining why food cooked with cotton-seed 
oil is more healthful and less likely to cause discomfort than that cooked 
with any other fat. 

From the same high and unprejudiced authority we have the following 
rtable showing the great economy in the use of cotton-seed oil and its com- 
pounds, as compared with other cooking fats: 

Cost per 

\ Calorie or 

Selling Price Heat Unit 

Butter 30 per Pound 8.09c 

Olive Oil $2.50 per Gallon 8.08c 

Oleomargarine 15 per Pound 4-25C 

Hogs' Lard 10 per Pound 2.37c 

Lard Compound... .08 per Pound 1.89c 

Cotton-seed Oil 50 per Gallon i-57c 

Cotton-seed Oil 40 per Gallon i-37c 

A calorie is the unit of heat employed in calorimetry and this tabulation 
shows that with cotton-seed oil at fifty cents per gallon, which is about its 
usual retail price, butter at thirty cents per pound and olive oil at two dol- 
lars and a half per gallon costs over five times as much as oleomargarine at 
fifteen cents per pound, about three times as much as hog's lard at ten cents 
per pound, about fifty cents more than lard compound, which is made of 
cotton-seed oil and beef suet, about one-fourth more, and this with all the 
advantages of cleanliness, purity, wholesomeness and ease of digestion in 
favor of the cotton-seed oil. 

The Modern Use of Vegetable Fat in Man's Daily Economy. 

Ever since the dawn of civilization, man has been in need of fats or 
greases, both as a food and as an article of industry. During the long per- 
iods that preceded man's different civilization, animal life alone supplied 
him with these needed articles; in the strangely remote time preceding and 
following the Stone Age, the needed fats were entirely derived from the pro- 
duce of his hunt. During man's nomadic condition, as a herder, sheep and 
cattle furnished him the fats that supplied his daily needs. 

Later, much later, in the cycle of ages, as a tiller of the soil, in the 
sunny and warm climate of North Africa, man learns how to extract the oily 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 119 

matter from plants. Olive oil is probably the oldest of the vegetable oils 
used by him and enters in his daily economy side by side with the sheep tal- 
low of his flocks. The Roman civilization uses olive oil almost exclusively, 
for all culinary necessities — and even to-day the use of lard has never taken 
its place. Olive oil is still used for all purposes not only in Italy, but in 
Spain, and in the Southern part of France, even to the extent of taking the 
place of butter on the peasant's table. 

The principal reasons that explain the almost exclusive use in more 
northern climates of butter and lard, is the solid consistency of these fats, and 
the fact that vegetation did not produce any palatable oil-bearing plants. 
Chemically speaking, this solid condition is explained by the prevalence of 
the solid stearine over the liquid oleine, as is made clear by the following 
facts : 

Stearine is the hardest of the common simple fats and melts at a tempera- 
ture of 1 60 degrees F. 

Palmitine, also a solid, melts at 124 degrees F. 

Oleine is a liquid, and solidifies at 25 degrees below freezing. 

Lard and tallow are mixtures of the three fats, palmitine, stearine and oleine. 

Olive oil, cotton-seed oil, and other vegetable fats consist chiefly of oleine. 

By heating lard to its melting point, cooling and filtering, the liquid 
obtained, known as lard oil, consists mainly of oleine, the harder residue is 
sometimes called stearine and has the consistency of butter. Beef suet, sub- 
jected to the same treatment, gives as solid residue, beef stearine, the soft 
portion being known as oleo oil. Oleo oil is the material often employed 
under the name of oleo margarine, as a substitute for butter. 

Butter, the fat of milk, contains essentially oleine, stearine, palmitine, 
with a little butyrin, to which its odor and flavor is largely due, the melting 
point of butter is between 100 and 130 degrees F. Commercial butter con- 
tains in the mean: fat, 85 per cent.; water, 12 per cent; salt, 3 per cent. 

It is thus seen that the chief difference between these several fats is the 
melting point, that regulates their liquid, semi-solid or solid condition dur- 
ing our average summer temperature. Every one of these fats has practically 
the same fuel value and the same nutritive value. Their flavor could be 
established in imitation of the older edible fats, or left to time to create a 
new standard of taste. The following table gives a means of comparing the 
different fats: 

Palmitic acid 9,300 small calories 

Stearic acid 9,400 " " 

Fats average 9,400 " 

Butter fat 9,300 " " 

Cane Sugar 4,000 " " 

Starch 4,200 " 

Egg Albumin 4,000 " " 

Both in the case of butter and in the case of lard, the most advanced 
means of production have reached this anomalous condition, where man pro- 
duces a food from the vegetable world, rich in fat and protein, feeds it to 
animals to be again transformed in their bodies into meat and fat. The 
science of feeding has become an exact science and if the body of the animal 
is still used as a chemical laboratory, it is because science can not replace this 
four-legged industrial plant in producing the meat necessary to our consump- 



120 FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 

tion. The same can not be said, however, of our fats. The only transfor- 
mation that takes place in the chemistry of life, in the case of fats, is the 
transformation of oleine into stearine, from a liquid fat to a solid fat, with 
all the disadvantages of dirt, uncleanliness and the danger of diseases in- 
herent to animal life. The word butter or lard represents a standard, im- 
pressed upon the human mind by thousands of years of daily use. Scientifi- 
cally speaking, this standard is entirely artificial and a matter of taste or 
habit. We can easily conceive that a new generation, brought up in a scien- 
tific age, will regard with wonder and disgust the consumption of fat, by 
their forefathers, extracted from the teats of a cow, or the belly of a hog, 
and prefer the scrupulously clean product of our modern industry, free of 
all danger of uncleanliness and disease. 

Quoting from Lewkowitsch, Chemical Technology of Oils and Plants: 

"From a sanitary point of view, no objection can be raised to the substitution 
of cheaper animal or vegetable fats for the more expensive ones as long as their 
substitutes are sold under their proper name and not used for fraudulent pur- 
poses." 

It is rather to be desired that the industry of plant substitute should 
extend further, yielding as it does cheap, palatable foodstuff, thereby tend- 
ing to exclude from consumption the unwholesome fats from diseased 
animals, or at least fats which are prepared under conditions that do not 
satisfy the most rigorous demands as regards cleanliness. 

The enormous strides which this industry has made during the last few 
years has shown that the popular prejudice which at first militated against 
the legitimate expansion of this trade has been overcome. Nay, the excel- 
lence of the product has even reacted favorably on the antiquated methods 
of producing lard and butter and has helped to introduce much needed im- 
provement on the preparation of these foodstuffs. 

The quality of an edible fat, irrespective of the nature of its compon- 
ents, depends in a great measure, if not solely, on its palatableness. The 
question of the digestibility of edible fats has been studied by A. Meyer, A. 
Jolle, J. Konig, Luhring, and Leffman, and shows practically a concensus of 
opinion that all fats have the same nutritive value. The problem of trans- 
forming oleines into stearines has been partially solved today by science, and 
under the name of Crisco and Crusto, and others still to come a solid pro- 
duct is obtained from our tremendous cotton-seed oils supply, and which 
still further improved will in a few years largely take the place of our un- 
clean and antiquated butter and lard. Derived from the vegetable world, 
made under all guarantees of cleanliness, and free from all contamination, 
they are undoubtedly entering little by little into our daily use. A new gen- 
eration, accustomed from its tender age, to the use of these fats, will, as we 
said before, hardly be able to believe that there was time when the cow and 
the hog were the main sources of our edible fats. 

Amongst the vegetable oils cotton-seed oil and cotton-seed stearine take 
the most prominent place. The best grade of cotton-seed oil, devoid of free 
fatty acid and practically free of the peculiar flavor characteristic of the oil 
is known under the name of "butter oil." From a hygienic, practical and 
economical point of view, a vegetable fat is undoubtedly a superior article, 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 121 

if compared to animal fat. As said before, our Northern countries are la- 
boring under artificial standards of edible fats, impressed upon us by habit 
and routine. 

Better understanding of food chemistry — the teaching of domestic 
science amongst new generations — combined with general broadening of our 
views will undoubtedly soon modify time-honored, but antiquated ideas, and 
our next generation will not run a clean vegetable fat through the belly of 
a hog before canning it for consumption. 

Digestion of Food 

Up to a few years ago, to use the words of E. Fisher, "Physiologists 
were in the position of unskilled laborers, who saw loads of building 
material dumped, but who did not know for what particular purpose each 
individual substance was used." 

Digestion is the process which the food undergoes, under the influence 
of ferment present in the gastro-intestinal tract, preparatory to its utilization 
by the body. 

Food can roughly be classified under the heading of protein, fats, carbo- 
hydrates and ash. They are assimilated in the body as follows: 

Acting Enzyme Where Found 

PROTEIN Pepsin Gastric juice. 

Trypsin . Pancreatic juice. 

Erepsin Small intestine. 

FATS Lipase Pancreatic juice, and cer- 

t3.in tissues 
CARBOHYDRATES . Ptyalin Saliva. 

Diastase Pancreatic juice. 

Maltase Small intestine. 

Invertase Small intestine. 

Cannon, by feeding with food impregnated with bismuth salts, and using 
X-ray, shows that carbohydrates leave the stomach most rapidly, then the 
protein, and finally the fats. 

Two factors enter preventing rapid emptying of the stomach. 

First, presence of fat; second, excessive acid secretion engendered by 
abundant protein. 

Protein 

Protein is a group of food material containing nitrogen. They are the 
flesh or muscle formers, also furnish material for composition of blood, hair, 
horn, wool, etc. Proteins are indispensable to existence, they split into amido 
acids and are eliminated through the kidneys and urine. Some of these excre- 
tive products, belonging to the purin and xanthine group, can be highly 
poisonous. If formed in excessive amount over what the liver and kidneys 
can take care of, they are taken up by the organism, producing poisoning 
symptoms and death. Fermentation within the intestinal tract gives rise to 
similar product distinctly toxic. The body tends to adjust its protein kata- 
bolism to its protein supply. When the body is accustomed to a certain ration 
of protein katabolism, it requires an appreciable length of time to adjust itself 
to a higher or lower ration. 



122 FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 

Fats 

Fats, if in fine emulsion or greatly subdivided, as found in cotton-seed 
meal, can be decomposed by the stomach and are dealt with by the pepsin 
and the gastro-lipase. In the small intestine, lipase and zymogen ferments 
convert fats, by hydrolysis into fatty acids and glycerine, bile salts acting as a 
solvent, although bile should be really looked upon, rather as the excretive 
result of hepatic metabolism, than a digestive juice; 85 per cent, of the 
protein, and all the assimilated fat, disappears before the small end of the 
lower intestine is reached. Carbohydrates and fats are ultimately converted 
into carbonic acid gas and excreted mainly through the lungs, while the nitro- 
gen waste products from the metabolism of proteins are excreted through the 
urine. Every animal has the possibility to store in his tissue an excess of food 
stuff to be called upon on special occasions. Snakes supply the amount of 
food, necessary to sustain life, in large quantities and at periods far apart, 
eating sometimes their own weight of animal matter. Bears accumulate fat 
during the fruit and nut season, using this excess during their long winter's 
sleep. Often the adipose layer is used by nature as a protective layer — this 
is especially seen in aquatic animals, whales, seals, and ducks — where the fat 
is consumed in large quantity as a heat producer to maintain the normal 
body temperature in the presence of a cooling medium. 

The possibility to withstand prolonged fast is directly proportional 
to the animal's power to store excess of food stuffs. This property is espe- 
cially found among the carnivorous and omnivorous animals and increased 
by nature in view of the uncertainty of the food supply of these animals. 
This stored energy is generally in the shape of fat. This normal and heredi- 
tary tendency has been used by man, and through careful breeding developed 
to its utmost in some of our swine breeds — the Berkshire and Poland China 
for instance. 

Carbohydrates 

The Carbohydrates include the simple sugars, and all the complex sub- 
stances, dextrin, starch, etc., which by hydrolysis can be resolved into simple 
sugars. They are first acted upon by the saliva and then by the pancreatic 
secretion. The bulk of carbohydrates of the food, having been converted 
into monosaccharides in the intestines is taken up by the capillary blood 
vessels of the intestinal wall, into the circulation, and the excess, temporarily 
stored away in the liver under the form of glycogen, later passing into the 
blood as glucose, to be oxidized in the muscles and furnish energy which 
appears as external or internal work. Ultimately the carbohydrates are 
eliminated as carbon dioxyde through the lungs. Carbohydrates are therefore 
the heat and energy-producing food by excellence, the coal that the animal 
engine burns — adding but little to the make-up of the machine itself, and 
only if supplied in excess of the needs of the body and accumulated in the 
liver and muscle does this surplus of carbohydrates tend to be converted into 
fat and stored in the tissue as such. 

Ash 

The body of the animal is composed of 4% of mineral matter which 
must be derived from its food supply. As a matter of course, the largest 
demand on mineral matter must necessarily be during the animal's growing 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 123 

period. Generally speaking the needed mineral matter is amply supplied by 
the average feeding material and is not considered as a problem in our study 
of alimentation. The question deserves, however, much closer attention 
since the so-called inorganic elements not only take part as a constituent of 
the animal skeleton, but are a necessary element of the protoplasma of 
active tissues, a part of the fluid of the body and before all the needed 
material governing the acidity or alkalinity of our digestive juices and other 
secretions, maintaining the solvent power and neutrality of all body fluids. 
Mineral matter necessary to the growth and maintenance of the animal body 
is mostly all introduced as complex organic compound obtained from the 
lower form of vegetable or animal life, the higher mammals not being able 
to assimilate directly the mineral bases. This fact is well illustrated by the 
frequent observation of a disease commonly known on our western plains as 
"The Creeps," scientifically as Osteomalacia and due to the deficiency 
of lime salts in foods. The western plains are all a lime formation, lime- 
stone abundant. The only water available to cattle is hard water, often con- 
taining its maximum of lime salts, and still with all this tremendous inor- 
ganic supply of lime, the animals suffer of a lack of this substance and it 
becomes a matter of necessity to supply the needed amount of an organic 
lime compound by artificial feeding of calcium-containing food material. 
Cotton-seed meal with an ash content of 7.2% mostly lime has given the best 
results in the treatment of this disease, and not the rather ludicrous formula 
preconized by some food expert, consisting of cement blocks as a "lick" for 
the suffering cattle. Apparently there should be more attention given to the 
choice of such food as will increase the calcium contents of the dietary. 

Man or animal cannot subsist and remain in health on a single diet. 
The body requires a certain ration between proteins, fats, carbohydrates and 
mineral salts. This ration is generally expressed by the following formula: 

™ . Protein , 1 . ... 

Nutritive Ratio == —^ — — — = about-— in milk 

Fat X 2.5 + Carbohydrates 4-3 

Carbohydrates are valuable food, still man or animal could not subsist 
on sugar alone. The feeling of repulsion and nausea with subsequent disease 
and death following a single diet are well known in everyday life. 
The above is eminently true in the abnormal conditions in the intensive feed- 
ing of farm animals for the rapid production of meats, fats or growth. 

Growth in animal takes place at a rate fixed by the species and individu- 
ality and cannot be materially stimulated by a larger supply of protein in the 
food. Fattening, on the other hand, is dependent on the total amount 
of food consumed in excess of that required for maintenance. It is brought 
about more easily at mature age, partially because less of the food is 
demanded for growth, partially because the older animals consume less in 
muscular activity. The fattening ration then, for an animal at a given age, 
must contain more fat and less protein than a growing ration. The main- 
tenance requirement of the animal must first be satisfied before any gain can 
be produced. The more feed an animal can be induced to consume in excess 
oi its maintenance ration, the more rapid will be the gain and the more 



124 FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 

cheaply it will be produced. It is only by the use of concentrated food that 
it is possible for the animal to consume the large amount of food required to 
produce a rapid gain. The excess of food is stored away by the organism 
mostly as fat, its gain being obtained at the expense of both protein and 
fat. "The carbohydrates in the light of modern physiology acting as protect- 
ing the fats of the body from oxidation." — Long's Physiological Chemistry. 

Fats in the body constitute a reserve material in which potential energy 
is conveniently stored up. In sickness, disease, or famine the fat is called 
upon to supply the needs of the body. 

In the scheme of nature, each species is given a certain degree of plas- 
ticity by virtue of which it adapts itself to a new environment when the old 
one changes. The whole truth of the evolution of species in nature is 
founded on this law. Species differ in the degree of plasticity but 
every species and every individual of each species has it to some degree. 
If the environment changes faster than the species, then in nature it dies out. 




Chapter XI. 



Fertilizer 



126 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



Fertilizer 

THE three substances that are most frequently lacking in soils, and the 
ones that are most abundantly taken from them by plants, are nitrogen, 
phosphoric acid and potash. Of these, nitrogen is the most expensive, is 
used in larger quantities in plant growth, and loses more rapidly by evap- 
oration; but the careful farmer, by planting and turning under leguminous 
crops, such as peas, beans, clover, alfalfa, vetch, etc., on certain parts of his 
land each year so that in a few years all of his land will be benefitted by this 
treatment, can draw from the vast supply of nitrogen in the atmosphere an 
ample supply of this costly and positively essential mineral fertilizer, as 
bacteria that grow upon the roots of these special plants convert the atmo- 
spheric nitrogen into nitrates that are soluble in water and immediately useful 
as plant food. The growing and turning under of these crops supplies an 
abundance of decaying vegetable matter, which is absolutely essential to 
profitable plant growth. * 

Phosphorus is next in importance, and, while not used in such large 
quantities, is absolutely essential. The sources of supply are limited, and the 
farm or home supply must come largely from animal manures, liquid as well 
as solid, and from what is contained in vegetable matter, dry or green, that 
is plowed into the soil. It is, therefore, of the utmost importance that a very 
large part of everything raised upon the farm should be fed upon the farm, 
and all manures saved and returned to" the land. Commercial phosphorus, 
as a rule, is purchased in the shape of acid phosphate, or in finely-pulverized 
high-grade phosphate rock. 

Potash is equally essential to successful plant growth, but as a rule is 
more abundant in the average soil than the other two elements mentioned. 
If, after using all animal manures and ashes, potash is still lacking, it can 
be purchased in the shape of kainit, sulphate and muriate of potash. The 
needs of soils can be determined in a fairly practical way by watching the 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



127 



growth of plants. Nitrogen makes deep, green, vigorous growth of leaf and 
stalk, while phosphoric acid and potash are directly concerned in perfecting 
the fruit. 

Soil deficient in nitrogen is nearly always short in its supply of phos- 
phoric acid, and it is generally desirable, under such circumstances, to use a 
fertilizer containing both nitrogen and phosphoric acid. For cotton, a 
mixture of two hundred pounds of cotton-seed meal and two hundred pounds 
of acid phosphate applied between the rows and harrowed in, generally gets 
good results, and a mixture of two hundred pounds of meal to one hundred 
pounds of acid phosphate and fifty to one hundred pounds of kainit applied in 
the same way per acre is suitable for corn. 

As a rule, the sandy and lighter soils, and the black lands where an 
abundance of vegetable matter and a fair amount of stable manure have been 
turned under, give better results from the use of commercial fertilizers than 
do the compact and sticky black lands. This indicates very clearly that on 
the best black lands more stable manure should be used, and more green or 
dry cover crops should be turned under, so as to make the land more porous 
and friable, easier to cultivate and more susceptible to the beneficial effects of 
mineral fertilizers, but we cannot too strongly emphasize the fact that much 
the best fertilizing material that one can possibly use is well-rotted stable 
manure. 

The only difficulty is to get enough of it: even after raking up every- 
thing that can be found in the line of manure, including what there is in the 
lots, pig pens, chicken houses, kitchen yards, toilets and closets, in fact, 
after saving every pound of manure of every kind, liquid and solid, and all 
rough stuff, straw, stalks, etc., there is still but a small quantity in compari- 
son with what is needed and could be profitably used. Remember that 
every pound of so-called waste should be spread upon the land at the 
earliest possible date after it appears, as the sooner it is plowed or harrowed 
into the ground the less loss there will be from evaporation by the sun and 




128 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 




washing by the rains. Another advantage of this method of utilizing all of 
the waste about the place will be that the premises will be kept sweet and 
clean, thus adding to the health and comfort of the family. 

As it is not always convenient and profitable to haul out small quantities 
of manure, it is a good idea to start a compost heap in a vacant stall 
or shed that will act as a storehouse in which to accumulate and compound 
manure all through the season. After there has accumulated in this 
way enough manure, straw, stalks, trash, etc., to be about ten inches deep, it 
would be a good idea to spread over the manure, say, one hundred pounds of 
high-grade, finely-ground phosphate rock or one hundred pounds of acid 
phosphate, if the first is not easily obtainable; then add as it is accumulated, 
another layer of manure and waste of various kinds eight or ten inches deep 
over this heap; then spread a layer of three hundred pounds of cotton-seed 
or two hundred pounds of cotton-seed meal, remembering to keep the 
heap moist all the time by occasionally wetting it. Continue this process in 
about the proportions named until the compost heap is five, six or seven 
feet high, drawing in the sides by degrees until the top of the pile is about 
one-third as wide and broad as the bottom; then cover the whole with soil 
two or three inches deep. 

At any time after this compost heap has been finished for a month and 
there is a dry spell, so that it is safe to go over the land with a wagon, haul 
out this compost, putting from five to ten loads to the acre, thoroughly mixing 
it with the soil, either by using a disc harrow or plowing it under and harrow- 
ing the land afterward. As soon as this heap has been spread upon the land, 
the same stall is ready for whatever waste may be accumulating on the 
premises to start another compost heap after the order of the first. 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



129 



It would pay handsomely to use one or more tons per acre of ground 
white rock broadcast upon the land, if it can be bought and distributed for 
less than $5 a ton. 

In the meantime, do not miss an opportunity to bring back a load 
of stable manure, ashes or other fertilizing matter that may be given away or 
that can be bought cheaply in the village or town where the farmer goes to 
sell a load of produce. Aim as nearly as possible to keep all the cultivatable 
land busy growing some kind of a crop — cow-peas, vetch, rye, oats or some 
other cover crop — to be turned under as a wonderfully valuable fertilizer 
when the land is plowed for the crop that is to follow. 

If it is not possible to fertilize the land as desired, in time for the com- 
ing crop by any of the methods mentioned above, we suggest the purchase, 
in moderate quantities, of the best commercial fertilizers that are recom- 
mended for the special crops that one intends to grow, by reliable manu- 
facturers or dealers who have them for sale. Use them in moderation and 
watch results very carefully, and compare the benefits with the extra cost for 
future information. 

An old English proverb says: "No grass, no cattle; no cattle, no manure; 
no manure, no crops." 

Remember that if the land contains a properly balanced fertilizing 
ration and has been thoroughly and constantly cultivated, so as to make this 
plant food available and thus keep the crop growing uninterruptedly from 
start to finish, it will greatly increase the grain yields and their quality, won- 
derfully increase the cotton yields, the length and strength of the staple 
(which has markedly deteriorated on account of poor seed, bad cultural 
methods and the poisonous habit of growing the same or a kindred crop on 
a given tract of land year after year), and add millions of dollars to the value 
of all these crops. — Texas Industrial Congress, Dallas, Texas, Bui. No. 3, 
Agricultural Correspondence Series. 




130 FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 

"The animal food content of a fodder or feed is the prime consideration in 
stock feeding. If, however, stock feeding is considered in its true relationship to 
the entire farm enterprise, as an integral part thereof and not as a matter by 
itself, the plant food content of cattle feeds becomes a thing of great importance. 
This fact, still unrecognized by the generality of western farmers, is thoroughly 
appreciated in the east and needs no advocacy here. While the general proposi- 
tion is agreed to, the relationship of the sundry fodders and feeds to the quality 
of the manure is not so clear to many farmers. An animal voids nothing that 
it does not eat or drink; and its voidings are of a different quality, so far as 
plant food is concerned, in proportion to the variations in the food eaten. Rich 
food makes rich manure and poor food, poor manure. Clover hay, cotton-seed 
and linseed meals, gluten feed, bran, distillery and brewery by-products, etc., 
are of distinct value in this respect, while corn meal and the like rank relatively 
low. It should not be supposed that every particle of the plant food contents 
of a feed of necessity reach the soil. More or less will become available to plant 
growth according to the care or lack of care with which the manure is handled. 
It is fair to assume, however, that the losses will be proportional, regardless of the 
quality of the manure. To the farmer who carefully observes the well known 
methods of preserving manure from fermentation and leaching, this table is of 
importance. To him who does not try to follow modern methods in this respect, 
it has much less value." — Y ermont Agricultural Experiment Station, Burlington, 
Ft., Bui. No. 152. 

"A feed is valuable not only for the effect on the animal, but for manure 
which it may produce. This fact is not generally recognized in Texas. By 
proper methods of saving the manure, it ought to be possible to save 5° P er cent. 
of the plant food in the feed. Cotton-seed meal containing 7 per cent, nitrogen, 
has a fertilizer valuation of $32.20 per ton. If one-half of this is saved it is] 
$16.10 per ton. This is a saving not to be despised. The profit in fattening 
animals in some cases lies entirely in the manure saved and applied to maintain 
the fertility of the farm." — G. S. Fraps, before Cotton-Seed Crushers' Associa- 
tion, Houston, July, IQI2. 

"The person who feeds cotton-seed meal intelligently, and utilizes the 
manure, can pay more for the meal, and at the same time make a larger profit 
than a man who allows the manure to go to waste. This is the reason that the 
European farmer can afford to pay ocean freights, and a variety of profits, so 
that the cotton-seed meal costs much more than it does in Texas, and yet make 
a greater profit than the Texas farmer, for the European farmer is most careful 
to save every scrap of the manure." — Dr. G. S. Fraps, Address to the Cotton-Seed 
Crushers' Association, Houston, Texas, July, 1912. 

"One phase of great importance has not so far been mentioned in connection 
with the feeding of meal and hulls as discussed in this bulletin, the resulting in- 
creased fertilizer of the land. Cotton-seed meal is bought in this State and applied 
directly to the land as a fertilizer. Almost all of the fertilizing value of the 
meal remains in the excreta of the feeding animals, and if any care be taken, it 
may be readily conserved and applied to the land. By feeding the meal to profit- 
able beef animals, the cost of the meal is entirely recovered in the beef animal 
end a profit beside, leaving practically all the fertility of the meal to be scattered 
upon the farming land as a bonus to the cattle feeder." — Bui. No. 121, Missis- 
sippi Agricultural Experiment Station, Agricultural College, Miss. 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



131 




Fertilizer Formulas. 
Under condition of natural growth and decay, when no crops are gath- 
ered in, or consumed on the land by livestock, the original growth, on dying 
down and decaying returns to the soil and atmosphere the elements taken 
from them during life. Under cultivation, a succession of crops deprives 
the land of the constituents w T hich are essential to healthy growth, without 
an adequate return to the land of the matters removed in the produce, its 
fertility cannot be maintained for many years. Where land is plentiful and 
easy to be obtained, it is often more convenient to clear fresh land than to 
improve more or less exhausted land by the application of labor, manure, and 
skill. This much however remains an undisputed fact, that continuous crop- 
ping, without return of manure, aids in the deterioration of the soil, and is 
well seen in the case of the wheat-growing area of the Northern States. The 
sooner our farmer realizes the necessity of saving this capital that nature has 
buried in the soil of his farm — before its partial or complete exhaustion — 
the better off he will be. For gradually but mercilessly from year to year 
the productive power of the richest virgin soil under cultivation decreases 
and finally must reach a state of complete exhaustion without the timely 
application of manure or fertilizer. 

Fertilizer Formulas. 
In the following pages will be found fertilizer formulas for some of the 
principal crops. 




132 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



Formulas for Cotton. 

The following formulas for cotton are the result of careful experiments 
by trained investigators on worn soil. Each one will analyze about 20 
pounds of nitrogen, 50 pounds of phosphoric acid, and 15 pounds of potash 
in the whole formula. Each formula represents the amount to be applied 
per acre to get the best results : 

Kainit 64 lbs. 

Acid Phosphate 273 lbs. 

Cotton-seed meal 143 lbs. 

Cotton-seed 13 1-3 bus. 



Muriate of Potash 20 

Acid Phosphate 281 

Cotton-Seed meal 286 



Wood Ashes (unleached) . . 164 

Acid Phosphate 261 

Cotton-seed meal 286 



lbs. 
lbs. 
lbs. 

lbs. 
lbs. 
lbs. 



Kainit 45 lbs. 

Acid Phosphate 254 lbs. 

Cotton-seed 26 2-3 bus. 



Farish Furman's Famous Formula. 

Pounds. 

Barn-yard manure 750 

Cotton-seed 750 

Acid Phosphate 367 

Kainit 133 

2,000 
Use from 400 to 800 pounds per acre. 
A Compost Famous in Louisiana. 

Green cotton-seed 100 bushels 

Stable manure 100 bushels 

Acid Phosphate 2,000 pounds 

Use from 400 to 800 pounds per acre. 

The Georgia Experiment Station formula for cotton (Colonel Redding, former Director), 
has been tested there with excellent results. It is as follows: 

Acid Phosphate 1,000 pounds 

Muriate of potash 75 pounds 

Cotton-seed meal 700 pounds 



1,775 pounds 
Apply so as to get from 200 to 500 pounds of acid phosphate per acre. 




FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



133 



Fertilizer for Corn. 

Pounds 

Acid phosphate, 16 per cent.... 1,200 

Cotton-seed meal 600 

Muriate of potash 200 



2,000 



Broadcast 400 pounds per acre of this formula. 



Formulas for Wheat. 



The formulas are given of different mater 
living in different localities; but all are so calcu 
of phosphoric acid, potash and nitrogen. 

The quantities given in each formula are the amounts to be applied per acre 



ials to suit the convenience of different people, 
lated as to contain practically the same amounts 



Kainit 64 lbs. 

Acid Phosphate 137 lbs. 

Cotton-seed meal 143 lbs. 

Cotton-seed 13 1-3 bus. 



Muriate of Potash 20 

Acid Phosphate 140 

Cotton-seed meal 286 



lbs. 
lbs. 
lbs. 



Unleached wood ashes 164 

Acid Phosphate 130 

Cotton-seed meal 286 



lbs. 
lbs. 
lbs. 



Muriate of Potash 20 lbs. 

Acid Phosphate 150 lbs. 

Nitrate of Soda 64 lbs. 

Cotton-seed 13 1-3 bus. 



Fertilizer for Peaches. 

In practice it is recognized that the plant does not, or can not, make use of every pound of 
plant food given it, and that there is considerable waste or loss, so that I would advise for peaches 
the application of not less than the following amounts per acre: 

Formula Per Acre for Peaches. 

Pounds 

Cotton-seed meal 150 

Sulphate potash 50 

Acid Phosphate 50 

Of course it is impossible to give a formula to fit all cases. The grower should take into 
consideration the age of his trees, and consequently the amount of fruit he expects to remove per 
acre; also the number of trees per acre and the character of his soil, whether clay or sandy, rich 
or poor. 



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y 




W? \ 


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134 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



Special Formulas for Trucking Crops. 

The formulas given below have been selected mainly from some of the trucking bulletins 
of the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station; 500 pounds to be used per acre. 



For Irish Potatoes: 

300 lbs. Nitrate of Soda. 
600 lbs. Cotton-seed meal. 
800 lbs. Acid Phosphate. 
300 lbs. Muriate potash. 

For Irish Potatoes: 
300 lbs. Nitrate Soda. 
600 lbs. Cotton-seed meal. 
800 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 13 pr. ct. 
300 lbs. Muriate potash. 

For Beets and Lettuce: 
300 lbs. Nitrate Soda. 
800 lbs. Cotton-seed meal. 
600 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 13 pr. ct. 
300 lbs. Muriate potash. 

For Cabbage, Cauliflower, Cucumbers 
and Melons: 
300 lbs. Nitrate Soda. 
750 lbs. Cotton-seed meal. 
700 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 12 pr. ct. 
250 lbs. Muriate potash. 

For Spinach: 

300 lbs. Nitrate of Soda. 
500 lbs. Cotton-seed meal. 
1,000 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 14 pr. ct. 
200 lbs. Muriate potash. 

For Radishes and Turnips: 
250 lbs. Nitrate Soda. 
550 lbs. Cotton-seed meal. 
900 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 13 pr. ct. 
300 lbs. Muriate potash. 



For Asparagus: 

200 lbs. Nitrate Soda. 

700 lbs. Cotton-seed meal. 

800 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 13 pr. ct. 

300 lbs. Muriate potash. 

For Egg Plant and Tomatoes: 
200 lbs. Nitrate of Soda. 
700 lbs. Cotton-seed meal. 
840 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 13 pr. ct. 
260 lbs. Muriate potash. 

For Onions: 
200 lbs. Nitrate Soda. 
750 lbs. Cotton-seed meal. 
750 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 11 pr. ct. 
300 lbs. Muriate potash. 

For Sweet Potatoes: 

100 lbs. Nitrate Soda. 
500 lbs. Cotton-seed meal. 
1,100 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 13 pr. ct. 
300 lbs. Muriate potash. 

For Beans and Peas: 

100 lbs. Nitrate Soda. 
450 lbs. Cotton-seed meal. 
1,200 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 11 pr. ct. 
300 lbs. Muriate potash. 

Serial No. 57, Georgia Department 
of Agriculture, 1911-1912. 



The use of cotton-seed or cotton-seed meals as a fertilizer is of course 
a wasteful method if applied direct to the soil. Manure of cotton-seed fed 
animals should be used in its place, using twice the amount given in the 
formulas. 




Chapter XII. 



Effect of Locality on 
Feeding Rations 



136 FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 

Cotton-seed as a Feeding Stuff. 

The composition of cotton-seed and cotton-seed meal is about as follows: 

Carbohydrates 
Feed Protein Fat Crude Fiber Nitrogen-free extract 

Cotton-seed 18.4% 20% 23.2% 24.7% 

Cotton-seed meal or cake 44% 8% 7% 24% 

As might be expected cotton-seeds are more difficult of digestion than 
the meal or cake because of the greater per cent, of fat in the seed. Carbo- 
hydrates are digested in the mouth and intestines by ferments in the saliva 
and the pancreatic juice. Fats are digested in the intestines by the ferments 
of the pancreatic juice. The proteins are digested in the stomach by the fer- 
ments of the gastric juice. Easily digestible carbohydrates and fats tend to 
stop the digestion of proteins in the stomach, which may cause digestive ail- 
ments. Upon this point Prof. Pavlov in his work on "The Work of the 
Digestive Glands" makes the following statement: 

"No less instructive is a comparison of the results of our experiments upon 
fat with the dictates of instinct and also with the precepts of dietetics and thera- 
peutics. Everybody knows that fatty foods are heavy, that is, difficult of diges- 
tion, and in the case of weak stomachs they are usually avoided. We can now 
understand this physiologically. The existence of fat in large quantities in the 
chyme (in the stomach) restrains, in its own interest, the further secretion of 
gastric juice, and thus impedes the digestion of protein substances ; consequently , 
a combination of fat and protein-holding foods is particularly difficult to digest, 
and can only be borne by those who have good stomachs and keen appetites." 

This is not only so with fatty foods in general, but it has been shown to 
be so in actual feeding experiments with cotton-seed. The comparative di- 
gestibility of the two feeds have been determined by Prof. Bailey which may 
be seen upon another page and is as follows: 

Digestibility of 

Feed Protein Fiber Nitrogen-free Extract Fat 

Cotton-seed 68% 75% 50% 87% 

Cotton-seed meal 88% 55% 60% 93% 

Hence in feeding cotton-seed there is a loss of 20 per cent, protein, 10 
per cent, nitrogen-free extract, and 6 per cent, fat, but a gain of 20 per cent, 
crude fiber which is of very little value as a feed anyway, especially since 
cotton-seed meal contains only 5.6 per cent, of fiber, whereas the cotton-seed 
contains 23 per cent, fiber. The real expensive part of food is protein. The 
protein lost in feeding cotton-seed is equal to the total amount of protein in 
corn. 

Feeding Rations. Effect of Locality. 

It is perfectly natural that feed indigenous to particular localities should 
be used in such localities to the largest possible extent, unless a better or 
cheaper feed can be imported. Louisiana utilizes its blackstrap molasses, 
Vermont and New York their apples; Colorado its beets; Canada its linseed 
oil cake; New Mexico its prickly pear; Germany its brewers' grains; Ire- 
land its potatoes. The list could be continued. The following pages show 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 137 

some of the rations that have been made and used in a few of such localities 
and made the basis of experimental feeding at the several Agricultural Ex- 
periment Stations mentioned herewith. 

The point is that cotton-seed meal is used as a part of nearly every 
ration for farm live stock in all civilized countries when it is necessary to 
buy a food rich in protein. And still it is not used in as large quantities as 
its value would justify, even in cotton countries. 

Louisiana Bulletin No. 115. 
Agricultural Experiment Station, Baton Rouge, La. 

The following two sample rations will serve to illustrate how they may 
be compounded; the first ration being for a cow weighing 1,000 pounds, and 
producing, daily, 20 pounds of milk, showing 3 per cent, butter fat: 





Dry Matter 


Protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 




lbs. 


lbs. 


1 Cotton-seed meal 


.92 


•37 




•17 


.12 


2 Corn and cob meal . . 


1.70 


.09 




1.20 


.06 


1 2 Sweet potatoes 


348 


.1 1 




2.64 


.04 


16 Mixed hay 


14-74 


•94 




6.54 


•19 



The maintenance requirement for this 1, 000-pound cow would be: 

Protein Carbohydrates Fat 

.7 7.0 .1 

If these amounts are deducted from the totals of those given in the 
ration, then the remainder will represent the nutrients required by the cow 
for milk production. 

Sample ration No. 2 is for a cow of similar weight and milk produc- 
tion, but which latter shows 5 per cent, butter fat. (See table) : 

Dry Matter Protein Carbohydrates Fat 

Lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. 



2Y2. Cotton-seed meal . 

1 Corn and cob meal . 

6 Sweet potatoes. . . . 
12 Mixed hay 

7 Blackstrap Molasses 



2.30 .93 .42 .31 

.85 .04 .60 .03 

1.74 .05 1.32 .02 

10.45 .71 4.9i -M 

5.46 .00 4.62 .00 



20.80 1.73 11.87 -50 



Michigan State Agricultural College, Bulletin 261. Rations for Steers. 

Grain Mixture E. 

Beet Pulp 3 parta 

Corn and Cob Meal 2 

Oil Cake 1 " 

Cotton Seed Meal 1 

Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, Storrs, Conn. 
A ration of concentrated feeds has been used at this station composed 
of the following: 

400 pounds bran, 
100 pounds corn meal, 
200 pounds middlings, 
IOO pounds oil-meal. 



138 FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 

Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 119. 

No. I. Wheat bran, 4 parts; cotton-seed meal, 1 part; linseed meal, I part. 

No. 2. Wheat bran, 4 parts; India wheat, 2 parts. 

No. 3. Wheat bran, 2 parts; cotton-seed meal, 1 part; linseed meal, 1 part; 

India wheat, 2 parts. 
No. 4. Wheat bran, 4 parts ; hominy feed, 2 parts. 
No. 5. Wheat bran, 2 parts; cotton-seed meal, 1 part; linseed meal, 1 part; 

hominy feed, 2 parts. 
No. 6. Wheat bran, 2 parts; cotton-seed meal, 1 part. 
No. 7. Wheat bran, 2 parts; linseed meal, 1 part. 

Speaking of the production of milk the following statement occurs in 
this bulletin: 

Cotton-seed and linseed meals have been standard feeds for several dec- 
ades. Their position in the feeding world is well established and, as "good 
wine needs no bush," so they ought to need no further demonstration of 
their merits. Yet they are still too little used. 

The outcome is clear again here and all in one direction, namely, a 2 4:o 
3 per cent, loss in production when linseed meal replaced the cotton-seed, and 
a 4 to 5 per cent, loss in proportion to dry matter eaten. 

In these trials cotton-seed meal, even the relatively poor grade fed, won 
out handily as compared with linseed meal. Yet the writer believes that the 
latter is an advisable concomitant to use with cotton-seed, because of its lax- 
ative properties. 

The Cornell Reading-Courses, Ithaca, N. Y. 
Feeding Standards. 

The requirements of animals as to amount of necessary nutrients for 
such purposes as milk production, beef production, labor production, and 
the like, as well as the relation between these nutrients, have been the sub- 
ject of much inquiry. Investigators have sought to put these requirements 
into definite form. They have given to this table of requirements the name 
"feeding standards." The standards are merely a statement of the necessary 
amount of nutriment required by an animal for a given purpose for a certain 
length of time. They are based on the requirements for 1,000 pounds live 
weight in 24 hours. The requirements are usually stated in terms of dry 
matter, digestible protein, digestible carbohydrates (fiber plus nitrogen-free 
extract), and digestible fat. 

Calculating in detail from Table 1, the amounts of dry matter, digesti- 
ble nutrients, and total nutriment in the several foods in the suggested ration 
are as follows: 

Dry 

Food Matter 

10 lbs. Red clover hay.. . 8.47 

30 lbs. Corn silage 7.92 

5 lbs. Corn and cob meal 4.25 

4 lbs. Gluten feed 3.63 

1 lb. Cotton-seed meal. .93 







Digestible 


Di- 


Total 


Digestible 


Digestible 


Nitrogen- 


gestible 


Nutri- 


Protein 


Fiber 


Free Extract 


Fat 


ment 


.710 


1.340 


2.440 


.180 


4.895 


.420 


1.500 


2.760 


.210 


5-153 


.220 


.150 


2.850 


• H5 


3.546 


.852 


.208 


1.904 


.116 


3.225 


•376 


.022 


.192 


.096 


.806 



Total 25.20 2.578 3220 10.146 .747 17625 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 139 

Purdue University, Agricultural Experiment Station, Lafayette, Ind. 

Bulletin 136. 

The Value of Corn Silage, Cotton-seed Meal and Clover Hay for Fattening Two 

Year Old Steers. 

With this object in view the tests reported in Part II of this bulletin 
weie conducted. The following rations were used: 

Shelled corn and clover hay. 

Shelled corn, cotton-seed meal and clover hay. 

Shelled corn, cotton-seed meal and corn silage. 

Shelled corn, cotton-seed meal, clover hay and corn silage. 

The Agricultural Experiment Station of the Colorado Agricultural College. 

Bulletin 73. 

Rations With Beet Pulp. Fattening Cattle Weighing 1,000 Pounds. 

First Period. 

Dry Carbo- Nutri- 

Matter Protein hydrates Fat tive Ratio 

Standard Ration 30 2.5 15.0 0.5 1 :6.5 



Alfalfa 


1 5 lbs. 


13-7 


1.65 


5.94 


0.18 


Beet pulp 


75 " 


7-6 


0.45 


5-47 




Cotton-seed meal 


2 " 


i.8 


0.75 


0.3 . 


0.24 



23.1 2.85 11,71 0.42 1:4.4 

Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 73. 

The medium or standard daily ration has a nutritive ratio of 1 15.5 and is 
made up as follows: 

Daily Ration for Each Calf, by Monthly Periods, from Dec. 7, 1910, to March 29, 

35 lbs. silage. 

12 lbs. mixed hay. 

2 lbs. wheat bran. 

2 lbs. corn meal. 

2 lbs. gluten. 

2 lbs. cotton-seed meal. 

Fifty-two calves were used in the second experiment. 
Cotton-seed meal, cotton-seed hulls, and mixed cowpea hay were the 
feeds used. 

The feeds were valued as follows: 

Cotton-seed meal, per ton $26.00 

Cotton-seed hulls, per ton 7.00 

Mixed pea-vine hay, per ton. . . 15.00 



140 FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 

Daily Ration for a Dairy Cow. 
ign. 

Period Cotton-Seed Meal Cotton-Seed Hulls Hay 

Pounds Pounds Pounds 

First 28 days 2.84 10.20 o 

2nd 2 8 " 3.1 1 10.40 2.04 

3 rd 28 3-27 9-94 2.04 

4th 28 3.09 9.50 1.92 

Price realized on each ton cotton-seed meal, prices of other feeds being 
fixed, $46.32. 

Price realized on each ton cotton-seed hulls, prices of other feeds being 
fixed, $13.24." 

Bui. 14J , Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agricul- 
ture, IQI2; Fattening Calves in Alabama. 

So-called Stock Food. 

"It is not easy to regard the claims made by some manufacturers in a serious 
frame of mind. It does not seem as if any intelligent man zvould give them cre- 
dence. It were quite as rational to expect that one sovereign remedy would build 
up a 'white mans hope' and at the same time control and cure rheumatism, ear- 
ache, and clergyman's sore throat, as to look for increased milk in cows, faster 
speed in horses, more eggs laid by hens, and for the cure of glanders in horses, 
abortion in cows and scours in calves, as a result of the use of one and the same 
poicder. Somewhat less stress is laid by most manufacturers today on their food 
properties than formerly, and more stress on their medicinal properties. Yet a 
typical advertisement in the March, IQI2, number of a prominent agricultural 
paper, one which fills the entire back cover page and which lies before the writer 
as he writes, uses the catch words, 'Let me fatten 'em up' and states that the 
goods which the advertisement vaunts 'doubles the milk and butter, when fed to 
milch cows . . . fattens hogs and beef cattle for market in 40 days' less time 
as an egg maker . . . doubles the egg supply.' 

Sometimes, however, an animal is slightly ailing, or is 'off feed,' hardly sick 
enough to necessitate a veterinarian's service. Under such circumstances stock 
foods or tonics may perhaps prove efficacious; but it is not essential that high 
priced proprietary condimental mixtures be used to remedy this situation. The 
feeder can buy the drugs at the drug store and formulate his own tonic, can save 
money by doing so, and can use definite quantities of definite materials rather 
than unknown proportions of a more or less mysterious, but usually diluted, 
mixture. 

The Iowa station suggests this simple mixture, the preceding one being 
offered apparently largely for the purpose of matching up the medley of materials 
usually employed by manufacturers for this purpose: 

"Powdered gentian 1 pound 

Powdered ginger 1 pound 

Fenugreek 5 pounds 

Common salt 10 pounds 

Bran 50 pounds 

Oil meal 50 pounds" 

— Bulletin No. 164, Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, Burlington, Vt., 
March, 1912. 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



141 





Standard bred mare Lucy Princeton with her foal by Chester 
Tine. Lucv Princeton has been fed cotton-seed meal and hulls 
for years, "and in foaling this colt brought twins — both in 
perfect form. 



142 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



Range Cattle Feeding 

Daily Ration for Fattening Range Cattle. 

Cotton-seed meal 5 lbs. 

Sorghum hay, caffir corn, or milo 

maize 35 lbs. 

The hay, kaffir corn stalk, or milo maize stalk should be dried, chopped 
and ground fine and then mixed with the cotton-seed meal. 




FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



143 



A Modern Cotton-seed Oil Mill with Cattle 

Pens and Feed Distribution Facilities in 

Connection at Stamford, Texas. 




Stamford Oil Mill. 




Mill Buildings Showing Storage Bins for Mixed Feed. 




Distributor Car Taking Load of Mixed Feed, Capacity 
20,000 Lbs. 



144 



FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 




Showing Feed Distributing Car, Capacity 50,000 Lbs. 
Per Hour. 





Thoroughly satisfied cattle happily growing fat on Mixed 
Cotton-seed Meal and Hulls. The feeding period is 
from 75 to 100 days. During this time wild cattle 
direct from the range are converted into fat and 
sleek beeves, ready to "top" any market. Thousands 
of them go to all the markets of this and foreign 
countries every year, and prove, in their entire health- 
fulness and excellent condition the pre-eminent excel- 
lence of the feed. No other feed, either in time or 
cost, can accomplish anything like equal results. 



.? 






^ 



% 
I 









X * 



q 






Oi 



Hulls and Meal 

COTTON-SEED HULLS have more nutritive value than 
most common hay, which costs 50 per cent more, is more con- 
venient to handle, is perfectly free from dust or foreign matter 
and is healthful and appetizing. 

COTTON -SEED MEAL is the most concentrated and 
richest food known, has about six times the nutritive value of 
corn and more than four times that of Wheat Bran, while its 
cost is one and a half times that of either. 

THE MDCED FEED forms a "Balanced Ration," giving 
better results, increased milk and butter production in Cows, 
and in Flesh, Fat and general condition in all animals, and for 
Cattle, Horses or Hogs, will reduce your feed bills and 

GIVES BETTER RESULTS THAN ANY 
OTHER FEED IN THE WORLD. 



"Keep your money at home where you can get 
another chance at it. When you send your money 
away for feed it is gone for good. When you pay it 
out to the home mill for home products it is paid out 
again for home-grown seed or home labor, and we all get 
another whack at it, and some of it sticks every time." 



L,B RARY 0F 




C ONGR Ess 



ooozs^m 



THIS BOOK is printed by the 

Bureau of Publicity 

of the 

Interstate Cotton-Seed Crushers 
Association 

For the purpose of disseminating a wider and a better 
knowledge of the 

Real Value of Cotton-Seed Products 

and for the benefit of all who are interested in the agri- 
cultural welfare of our country, and particularly in the 

Feeding of Farm Animals 

It is far more than an advertising medium and the state- 
ments in it are without exception a record of the results 
of actual experience, for the most part from recognized 
and disinterested authorities, and for their 

Truth and Conservatism 

readers are respectfully referred to any of the 

Agricultural Colleges or Experiment 
Stations 

who have done and are doing so much to lift AGRI- 
CULTURE and FEEDING from drudgery and guess- 
work to an 

Exact and Elevating Science 

Additional Copies will be cheerfully Furnished Free of 
Cost to all Farmers and Feeders, or to those interested 
in these subjects, upon application to 

JO W. ALLISON, Chairman 

The Bureau of Publicity 

Interstate Cotton-Seed Crushers Association 

608 Main Street, Dallas, Texas 



